bioplastic biodegradable
COVID-19 recovery offers chance to change course, Guterres tells One Planet Summit. Chem. & Detzel, A. Verwendung und Recycling von PET in Deutschland. Polymers with non-functional backbones such as polyolefins (including polyethylene (PE), bio-based PE, polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene) are better suited for cracking into hydrocarbon oil and gas by thermolysis and can then follow a similar upcycling path58,199,200,260. Strong and elastic, yet degradable: protein-based bioplastics & Petersen, G. R. Technology development for the production of biobased products from biorefinery carbohydrates the US Department of Energys Top 10 revisited. Environmental plastic pollution has become a priority of major global entities, including the UN15,16, the World Economic Forum (WEF)17, the World Health Organization18 and the European Union (EU)19. Ing. LCA outcomes depend heavily on assumptions made for energy use and processing efficiencies in all production stages and, thus, some LCAs have associated bioplastics, such as PLA, with higher energy and water use6,98,172. Most of the current bioplastic market is non-biodegradable which makes problem for waste management (Algieri et al. Open-ended Working Group of the Basel Convention. Tepha (USA) is focusing on medical PHA applications, for which the profit margins are much higher, which may provide a stepping stone towards bulk plastic production110. Chanda, M. & Roy, S. K. Plastics Technology Handbook (Taylor & Francis, 2006). Biodegradable vs Bio-sourced vs Bioplastics Bio-sourced means that the plastic is made of renewable Sci. These monomers can be polymerized into several durable drop-in polymers (such as bioPE and bioPET), new durable polymers (such as polyethylene furanoate (PEF))6,92,127,128,144, as well as biodegradable ones (such as polylactic acid (PLA) and bio-polybutylene succinate (bioPBS))105,152. Polysaccharides can be extracted from plant biomass and converted chemically into plasticized starch and cellulose-based products13,163,165. Technological advances in horizontal deep drilling and fracking continue to enable the harvesting of increasingly remote oil reservoirs, and oil prices are expected to remain competitive for decades to come63. Tullo, A. H. Will the Biodegradable Plastic PHA Finally Deliver? Ioannidou, S. M. et al. Opin. 54, 13531370 (2014). Depending on type, bioplastics can offer improved circularity by using renewable (non-fossil) resources, a lower carbon footprint, biodegradation as an alternative end-of-life (EOL) option and improved material properties. The overall capacity of this form of recycling is, however, very limited: globally, ~10% of PET and high-density PE is recycled, whereas for polystyrene and PP, the numbers are closer to zero. Each year, between 1.2 and 2.4 million tonnes of plastic enters the oceans from rivers which can have a disruptive effect on marine ecosystems. RSC Adv. These benefits, however, are highly dependent on several factors, including the chemical structure, the manufacturing process and the most likely EOL scenario. Nevertheless, with technological advances, bioplastics have the potential to move several plastic-intensive industries towards a circular economy. J. Adv. Change 9, 374378 (2019). Adv. J. De Jong, E., Dam, M. A., Sipos, L. & Gruter, G. J. M. in ACS Symposium Series (ed. A Polym. The line of Terratek Flex the market's first biodegradable elastomer bioplastics is a good example of a biodegradable plastic which is not fully bio-based. Biden Harris. Regarding bioplastics, the Conventions Open-ended Working Group recommends that nations clearly define and standardize the identification of bio(degradable) plastics, improve bioplastic production processes to become economically and ecologically competitive with fossil-based plastics and develop universal techno-economic analysis methodologies to quantify the environmental benefit of bioplastics179. Commun. Sustainability is highly dependent on how a material is made, where it is used and how it can be recycled, and less so on the building blocks of a material. Chafran, L. S. et al. Sci. The role of the copper-binding enzyme laccase in the biodegradation of polyethylene by the actinomycete Rhodococcus ruber. Polycaprolactone hydrolyses non-enzymatically in humans within years and is biodegraded by fungi and bacteria in seawater within weeks149,150. The home compost label (panel k of the figure) has seen increased use but is not based on a legislative standard. Several plastic families, such as polyamides, are not included here for reasons of space and complexity. Compostable means that the process will result in compost, or humus. Terephthalic acid, which is esterified with ethylene glycol to make PET, can be derived synthetically or microbially from biomass through intermediates such as para-xylene and 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid136,137. UNIDO https://www.unido.org/sites/default/files/files/2019-06/UNIDO_Addressing_the_challenge_of_Marine_Plastic_Litter_Using_Circular_Economy.pdf (2019). 53, 2025 (2018). Bioplastik in der Kompostierung. In Germany, 99% of PET bottles under deposit schemes are recycled but only 65% of non-deposit bottles191. [2] 16, 950963 (2014). 6, 80648092 (2018). Medeiros Garcia Alcntara, J. et al. Adv. Biodegradable plastic in clothing doesn't break down nearly as quickly Bozell, J. J. Chemicals from renewable biomass: a renaissance in carbohydrate chemistry. 22, 55195558 (2020). Sheldon, R. A. 162, 105042 (2020). Health Perspect. Explanation of life cycle assessment approaches and sensitivity analysis of (bio)plastic-related environmental impacts in different end-of-life scenarios, showing recycling to be more sustainable than landfilling and composting. Besides first-generation biomass, lignocellulosic agricultural and other biowastes present a renewable, abundant and more ethically viable feedstock. Pellis, A., Malinconico, M., Guarneri, A. An engineered PET depolymerase to break down and recycle plastic bottles. Nat. Conversely, petrochemical plastic capacities are growing, with more than 300 new industrial projects (with a value of more than US$200 billion) announced since 2010 in the USA alone, of which about half are in the construction or completion stages. TV Austria Belgium. To guide converters and consumers in their purchasing choices, existing (bio)plastic identification standards and life cycle assessment guidelines need revision and homogenization. 405, 1266831 (2021). 55, 865875 (2011). Plastic has become one of the most crucial requirements of the modern-day living. Knappe, F. et al. Hydroxymethylfurfural, a versatile platform chemical made from renewable resources. Control. Hobbs, S. R., Parameswaran, P., Astmann, B., Devkota, J. P. & Landis, A. E. Anaerobic codigestion of food waste and polylactic acid: effect of pretreatment on methane yield and solid reduction. Biodegradable plastic Biodegradable plastic is made of petroleum-based materials. bioPET is the bio-derived drop-in variant of PET. Polym. Correspondence to Composters often reject biodegradable plastics, such as PLA shopping bags and utensils, as required decomposition times exceed typical composting process times of 68 weeks8,206. They may or may not be biodegradable and some are only partially biobased, that is they contain both renewable and fossil-fuel-based carbon. A perspective on PEF synthesis, properties, and end-life. Environ. PU Mag. Vegetable oils9,82 contain triglycerides with unsaturated fatty acids, which can be epoxidized to make epoxy resins. PHAs are an emerging family of biodegradable aliphatic polyesters with a commercial market that is expected to reach annual volumes of >100,000 tonnes in the coming years106. Eng. MacArthur, D. E. Beyond plastic waste. Towards truly sustainable polymers: a metal-free recyclable polyester from biorenewable non-strained -butyrolactone. Biotechnol. Aliphatic esters can be readily hydrolysed, but aromatic polyesters are typically resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis. Biodegradation of polyolefin materials is even more challenging, as they lack cleavable functional groups along their backbones, are highly hydrophobic, have a high molecular weight and contain stabilizing additives216,217. Crit. Consumers and plastic converters are confused about the usefulness of bioplastics, owing to inconsistent labelling, contradicting life cycle assessments and greenwashing. Its identical properties make it suitable for direct application in the beverage (one-third) and textile (two-thirds) markets56, as well as PET established recycling streams. Independent Group of Scientists appointed by the Secretary-General. For any recycling technology, including existing mechanical recycling capacities, plastic products must be designed to be recyclable, such as through the use of monomaterials rather than non-recyclable multilayers. J. Environ. Hundertmark, T., McNally, C., Simons, T. J. 38, 34843504 (2009). Fleckenstein, P., Rosenboom, J.-G., Storti, G. & Morbidelli, M. Synthesis of cyclic (ethylene furanoate) oligomers via cyclodepolymerization. Similar to the traditional concept of an oil refinery, biorefineries convert renewable bio-based feedstocks into useful chemicals63,64,65,66. Biodegradable Bioplastics Bioplastics are plastics derived from renewable feedstocks, such as starch, cellulose, vegetable oils and vegetable fats. 6, 1900491 (2019). Lignin separated from biowastes in second-generation biorefineries is mostly (98%) incinerated for power generation. https://www.dincertco.de/din-certco/en/main-navigation/products-and-services/certification-of-products/environmental-field/recyclability/, European Bioplastics Seedling label: Green Chem. We address technological advances in bioplastic feedstocks and manufacturing, consider the EOL options and culminate in an appraisal of commercial and regulatory aspects. Umwelt Bundesamt https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/gutachten-zur-behandlung-biologisch-abbaubarer (2018). Appl. The business case for investing in sustainable plastics. Kitt, J. R. Waste exports to the developing world: A global response. Tournier, V. et al. Int. As the largest carbon footprint of plastics is associated with production, switching existing processes to a renewable energy supply would cut plastic-related emissions by 62%. Improved information distribution and consistent global standards need to be established. LCA is the main tool but requires homogenization of methodology standards to make LCAs more transparent, consistent and comparable. Technical guidelines for the identification and environmentally sound management of plastic wastes and for their disposal. Chemicals from lignin: an interplay of lignocellulose fractionation, depolymerisation, and upgrading. The environmental and economic parameters of the most well-known synthetic bioplastics on the market are compared with existing fossil-based plastics in Table1.
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