cassandra ssl certificate rotation
Running your Database on OpenShift and CodeReady Containers, Certificates management and Cassandra Pt II - cert-manager and Kubernetes, Hardening Cassandra Step by Step - Part 1 Inter-Node Encryption, Hardening Cassandra Step by Step - Part 2 Hostname Verification for Internode Encryption, Create the Root Certificate Authority (CA) key pair from a configuration file using, Create a keystore for each host (node or client) using, Export the Public Certificate from each host keystore as a Signing Request using, Sign each Public Certificate Signing Request with our Root CA to generate a Signed Certificate using, Import the Root CA Public Certificate and the Signed Certificate into each keystore using, Create a common truststore and import the CA Public Certificate into it using. At this point we have node1 using the new keystore while node2 and node3 are using the old keystore. Code works in Python IDE but not in QGIS Python editor. 07.06.2022 This applies the manifests required to run up a cass-operator installation namespaced to the cass-operator namespace. How can an accidental cat scratch break skin but not damage clothes? Encrypting connections between two hosts can be difficult to set up as it involves a number of tools and commands to generate the necessary assets for the first time. This is a good thing because it forces us to regenerate and roll out our new encryption assets (stores, certificates, passwords) to the cluster. Steps to generate SSL certificates for client-to-node encryption or node-to-node encryption using a self-signed Certificate Authority (CA) in a production environment. You would tune this for a production deployment. When managing large numbers of services at scale, it helps to have an automated approach to managing certs in order to handle renewal and avoid embarrassing and avoidable downtime. There are currently some open questions about how to rotate certificates without downtime when using internode encryption. Set environment variables (cassandra.in.sh). The critical part of the cqlshrc file that we are adding is: The version = TLSv1_2 tripped me up a few times, as it seems to be a recent requirement. Download the new SSL/TLS certificate as described in Using SSL/TLS to encrypt a connection to a DB instance. Using the cassandra.yaml file to configure gossip. Terms of use Apache Kafka and Kafka are either registered trademarks or trademarks of the Apache Software Foundation or its subsidiaries in Canada, the United States and/or Applies to Cassandra 2.x Cassandra 3.x Prerequisites I'm responding to this part of the excellent instructions which I followed myself just now: IMO if you are going to give this pem to users or apps, they don't need the private key which will get placed in the pem unless you add: What do I use as truststore? What do the characters on this CCTV lens mean? To use SSL encryption for client-to-node encryption or node-to-node encryption, SSL certificates must be generated using keytool.If you generate the certificates for one type of encryption, you do not need to generate them again for the other; the same certificates are used . The dname should be generated with the CN value as the IP address or When you run openssl to sign an exported Keystore PC, this is the command that is run. Thank you! This will build the secrets resources using the kustomize secretGenerator and add them to Kubernetes. Once all the nodes have started, we can check the cluster status. I want to setup my own CA for use with a cassandra cluster so that I do not have to copy all of the certificates around every time I add a new node. The deployment is standard kubernetes fare, and if you want more information on how these work you should refer to the Kubernetes docs. This provides SSL connectivity configurations for the container. The same truststore is deployed to each node. Or you can use the kubectl plugin which allows you to write a simple kubectl cert-manager renew. encryption in a development environment. so, I have created the keystore, using below command-. There are multiple solutions to this problem. This allows nodes to communicate regardless of whether they have the OLD or NEW keystore. Run kubectl apply -k manifests/demoCA. Quickstart - Create Azure Managed Instance for Apache Cassandra cluster Configuring SSL for client-to-node connections - DataStax We will cover what to do in this case in a subsequent post. Splitting fields of degree 4 irreducible polynomials containing a fixed quadratic extension. Enabling encryption ensures that data in flight is not compromised and is transferred securely. The only other note is that we are also pulling down a Cassandra image and using it in an initContainer to create a keyspace for Reaper, if it does not exist. Mine is to use HashiCorp Vault as a CA and consul-templates for the rotation. Overview This article provides instructions on how to rotate your nodes' certificates to prevent them from expiring for both self-signed and CA-signed certificates. The script requires us to supply the node IP addresses, and a certificate configuration file. One case where we really dont care if a client is unavailable for a short period is when Reaper is the client. The Root CA is effectively just a key pair; similar to an SSH key pair. Data on nodes can become out of sync with other nodes due to transient network failures, node restarts and the general wear and tear incurred by a server operating 24/7 for several years. Expired encryption assets when forgotten can be a silent, sinister problem. There are a few things needed to make this work: However what would be the password in this case? Because the CRDs might take a moment to propagate, there is a chance youll see errors stating that the resource type does not exist. It has the following two components. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. I am a little lost in the CA process. In this blog post, we will look at one Kubernetes native tool that aims to make this process much more ergonomic on Kubernetes; cert-manager. Now were going to use kustomize (which comes with kubectl) to add these files to Kubernetes as secrets. So, okay, started completed environment, waited until fully . If I made any mistakes, please let me know. The truststore contains Examining the cass-operator directory, well see that there is a kustomization.yaml which references the remote cass-operator repository and a local cassandraDatacenter.yaml. The Reaper-Certificate.yaml is similar in structure, but has a different DNS name. The Root CA PC of each node needs to be added to the truststore that is deployed to all nodes. Hosts (nodes or clients) can determine whether they should trust other hosts in cluster. Hence, it works best when use a replication factor >= 3 and use consistency level <= QUORUM or LOCAL_QUORUM depending on the cluster configuration. 2023 Apache Cassandra 4.1 introduces a pluggable configuration for customizing the SSL context for TLS encryption. For creating a new user, login, the password is specified along with whether the user is super user or not. apache cassandra SSL using public certificate authority? node2 - update keystore path to point to new keystore in cassandra.yaml. when i have checked through below command, intermediate.cert is signed or verifyed by root.cert. [connection] hostname = ***** port = 9042 factory = cqlshlib.ssl.ssl_transport_factory [ssl] certfile = /home/conf/mycert.cer validate = true ## Optional, true by default So basically I created a private and public key, pointed Cassandra to my .keystore and .truststore (even tho I don't think it's necessary because I'm not enforcing the client . Then repeat this process on the other nodes in the cluster, one node at a time. rev2023.6.2.43473. Do keep in mind the weaknesses relating to key rotation, and watch this space for progress on that front. These caveats present challenges, but there are also specific cases where they matter less. One mitigation to consider is using non-expiring CA PCs, in which case no CA PC rotation is ever performed without a manual trigger. You can find an example of how to set that up here. KS PCs and KS PSKs may still be rotated. But even though properly set consistency levels ensure that the data returned will be accurate, the process of reconciling data across the network degrades read performance - it is best to have consistent data on hand when you go to read it. In addition, the process can be used to move between the different encryption deployments. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. after creating the keystore, here the public certificate authority have two level of encryption or certs. For this first post in the series we will focus on how to rotate keys in an Apache Cassandra cluster without downtime. When a CA signs a certificate, this is a way for that mutually trusted party to attest that the party holding that certificate is who they say they are. Lets start with the Cassandra-Certificate.yaml resource: The first part of the spec here tells us a few things: Outside the certificates themselves, there are additional settings controlling how they are issued and what format this happens in. The issue is with the certificates for Cassandra which resides in cassandra-ssl secret and which are valid only for 90 days. A root CA (cert B) for the client-server encryption. We are specifying JVM options just to make this run politely on a smaller machine. You can add any of the X509 subject fields here, but it needs to have one of them. This is only if you have 'require_client_auth' set to true. If you use a GUI, look at the logs for Reaper, you should see that it has connected to the cluster and provided some nice ASCII art to your console. Similar to the previous method, this method uses a cluster wide CA. FAQ - How to rotate certificates without downtime When running this process on MacOS be aware of this issue which affects the creation of self-signed certificates. In the New Connection form, fill out the Connection Name and add one or more node IP addresses or hostnames. These are the CA PC and CA PSK we mentioned earlier. FQDN for the node. A root CA (cert A) for internode encryption. On the client-to-node side here's an example from the java-driver tests how to set up your SSLContext using your key and truststores: Once you an SSLOptions object you can simply pass it into your Cluster Builder, i.e. Anime where MC uses cards as weapons and ages backwards. But even though properly set consistency levels ensure that the data returned will be accurate, the process of reconciling data across the network degrades read performance it is best to have consistent data on hand when you go to read it. SSL. You would tune this for a production deployment. Before we jump into how we handle expiring certificates and stores in a cluster, we first need to understand the role a certificate plays in securing a connection. The certificates are always public and are presented to other parties, while PSK always remains secret. Thankfully, these processes are well supported on Kubernetes by a tool called cert-manager. and last name, organizational unit, organization, city, state, country), and key But it is also one of the most challenging. Change Data Capture (CDC) logging captures changes to data. If you have downloaded and installed a vanilla installation of Apache Cassandra, you may have noticed when it is first started all security is disabled. The safer thing to do is to renew certificates frequently. You could use the same trust store and also issue certificates to clients. To rotate the certificate, navigate to Maintain > Rotate secrets, and then click Rotate the SSL certificates. Well apply this manifest to the cluster in the next step. In the Cassandra world, two components are used to store the information needed to perform the above verification check and communication encryption; the keystore and the truststore. The truststore file is the Java keystore containing the cluster's SSL certificates. cert-manager will install a deployment, as well as various custom resource definitions (CRDs) and webhooks to deal with the lifecycle of the Custom Resources (CRs). So i have stopped further steps here, which needed for cassandra ssl implementation. This provides SSL connectivity configurations for the container. Breaking this process down piece by piece: cert-manager can be installed by running kubectl apply -f https://github.com/jetstack/cert-manager/releases/download/v1.5.3/cert-manager.yaml. Everything is managed declaratively, and you can reissue certificates at will simply by deleting and re-creating the certificates and secrets. Tutorial: Configure HTTPS on an Azure CDN custom domain node1 - update truststore path to point to new truststore in cassandra.yaml, node2 - update truststore path to point to NEW truststore in cassandra.yaml, node3 - update truststore path to point to NEW truststore in cassandra.yaml. Dive into the truststore-keystore directory and youll find the Issuer, it is very simple so we wont reproduce it here. We are also in discussions with the folks over at cert-manager about how their ecosystem can better support Cassandra. Should I service / replace / do nothing to my spokes which have done about 21000km before the next longer trip? Encrypting connections between nodes, and between nodes and the application is another layer that can be applied. We are referring to these as the Keystore Private Signing Key (KS PSK) and Keystore Public Certificate (KS PC). The k8ssandra project offers a Reaper operator, but for simplicity we are using a simple deployment (because not every deployment needs an operator). kustomize is not a templating language like Helm. To use SSL encryption for client-to-node encryption or node-to-node encryption, SSL other countries. 1. As a result, we recommend the use of Reaper, which runs as a Cassandra client and automatically repairs the cluster in a slow trickle, ensuring that a high volume of repairs are not scheduled all at once (which would overwhelm the cluster and degrade the performance of real clients) while also making sure that all data is eventually repaired for when it is needed. Each keystore is deployed to its associated node. Maybe it helps others :), Cassandra SSL with own Certificate Authority, docs.oracle.com/cd/E19509-01/820-3503/ggezu/index.html, Building a safer community: Announcing our new Code of Conduct, Balancing a PhD program with a startup career (Ep. The consul-template daemon can query Vault to retrieve the SSL cert with two added bonuses: it will update the cert when it expires and it can run an arbitrary command (a script here) that I will use to reload the certificates. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. We will create a NEW Root CA along with a NEW set of stores for the cluster. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. A certificate per client signed by cert B. Copy the updated OLD truststore to the node. First story of aliens pretending to be humans especially a "human" family (like Coneheads) that is trying to fit in, maybe for a long time? The K8ssandra Team and Contributors. Your strategy is very sound and that is the way I'd do it. Steps to generate SSL certificates for client-to-node encryption or node-to-node encryption in a development environment. We arent going to use LetsEncrypt for this demo, firstly because ACME certificate issuance has some complexities (including needing a DNS or a publicly hosted HTTP server). The method that offers the strongest security of the three can be rolled out in following way. Cassandra support for integrating Hadoop with Cassandra. Copy it to every client / node server? Steps for configuring Cassandra for multiple network interfaces or when using different regions in cloud implementations. If the NEW CAs are per host, then they all need to be added to the OLD truststore. This post builds on a few of the concepts in Part 1 of this series, where Anthony Grasso explained the components of SSL encryption. Unique keystore for each node that has been signed by the CA specific to the node. certificates on all nodes. We would use this method as it provides better security over the previous method. Setting up SSL encryption for the various connections to Cassandra is only half the story. For both encryption types we need to specify (1) the keystore location, (2) the truststore location and (3) the passwords for the keystores. New accounts can be created with the 'Cassandra' account. If both components are compromised by a bad actor, then that actor can potentially impersonate another node in the cluster. Ideally both components should be secured, or at the very least the PSK needs to be secured properly after it is generated since all trust is based on it. To enable HTTPS on an Azure CDN custom domain, you use a TLS/SSL certificate. In the worst case it limits the validity of compromised credentials. This can be done by simply rolling out a new truststore which excludes a specific nodes CA PC. In all cases we see the following message in the logs indicating that internode encryption is enabled. Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! First off, create a new private key and certificate pair for your root CA. The passwords for each store are in the stores.password file created by the generate_cluster_ssl_stores.sh script. Can't find what you're looking for? Rather than carry out the steps manually to generate the stores, we have developed a script called generate_cluster_ssl_stores that does the job for us. If you want a quick fix to get you started, try running the setup-kind-multicluster.sh script from the k8ssandra-operator repository, with setup-kind-multicluster.sh --kind-worker-nodes 3. A single truststore containing the Public Certificate for each of the CAs. document.getElementById("copyrightdate").innerHTML = new Date().getFullYear(); Cassandra SSL certificates rotation | by Sergio Rua | Medium So if you create a DC in a different namespace, nothing will happen. Cassandra contemplates that this may occur. as per the documentation i have skipped first two steps and followed from step-3. This process requires the replication factor and consistency level to configured to allow for a single node to be down for a short period of time in the cluster. We will be installing the cass-operator and Cassandra cluster into the cass-operator namespace, while the cert-manager operator will sit within the cert-manager namespace. for one type of encryption, you do not need to generate them again for the other; This is especially useful for on-prem deployments. Thankfully, these processes are well supported on Kubernetes by a tool called cert-manager. Forgive me, I have 0 rep so can't comment. A CA is a party trusted by all parties to an encrypted conversation. Apache Solr, Apache Hadoop, Hadoop, Apache Pulsar, Pulsar, Apache Spark, Spark, Apache TinkerPop, TinkerPop, keytool -keystore cassandra.jks -alias node1 -certreq -file cassandra.csr -keypass cass123 -storepass cass123 -dname "CN=host1, OU=cluster1, O=org, C=US" then after uploading this CSR file (cassandra.csr) to public certificate authority i got in response one Cert.cer file. Our nodes are once again up and in a normal state, so we can proceed to update the certificates on node2. @Alex, I have edited the questions, with the specified documents also getting the error. Note that this installation of the operator will only watch its own namespace for CassandraDatacenter CRs. In this blog post, we will dive into certificate management in Kubernetes. alias that identifies the node. Make sure keystore file is readable only to the Cassandra daemon and not by any In a real deployment wed want to health check and wait until the Cassandra service became available. Each keystore has its own PC that is signed by a Root CA unique to the node. What file do I need to provide my java client with? 576), AI/ML Tool examples part 3 - Title-Drafting Assistant, We are graduating the updated button styling for vote arrows. disk encryption), authorization, authentication, network architecture, and hardware, host and OS security. We will use ccm to create a three node cluster running Cassandra 3.11.10 with internode encryption configured. Well apply this manifest to the cluster in the next step. CAs themselves use public certificates (Certificate Authority Public Certificate; CA PC) and private signing keys (the Certificate Authority Private Signing Key; CA PSK) to sign certificates in a verifiable way. The truststore stores one or more CA PCs of the parties which the node has chosen to trust, since they are the source of trust for the cluster. The directory with the old encryption assets is ssl_artifacts_20210602_125353 and the directory with the new encryption assets is ssl_artifacts_20210603_070951. Originally, it was 1.0K and it is now 2.0K in size after adding the new Root CA PC it. Consider the case where two parties A and B wish to communicate with one another. apache cassandra SSL using public certificate authority? It is more or less clear that the problem is somewhere with the certificates used for authentication. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. I have included this script in the root of the code examples repo that accompanies this blog. Cassandra operation topics, such as node and datacenter operations, changing replication strategies, configuring compaction and compression, caching, and tuning Bloom filters. In an asymmetric/public key encryption system, messages can be encrypted with the PC but can only be decrypted using the PSK. To address (2) more elegantly you could also implement Anthonys solution from part one of this blog series; but youll need to script this up yourself to suit your k8s environment. in terms of variance, How to write guitar music that sounds like the lyrics. Cassandra's has essential security features: authentication, role-based authorization, transport encryption (JMX, client transport, cluster transport), as well as data at rest encryption (encrypting SSTables). In this case we need the root CA certificate (refer to instructions on preparing SSL certificates for production), and all intermediaries (if applicable). We can configure internode encryption in the cluster by modifying the cassandra.yaml files for each node as follows. cass-operator does not currently support this approach without an initContainer to pre-process the cassandra.yaml using envsubst or a similar tool. Option 1 (default): Enable HTTPS with a CDN-managed certificate. Upgrading to PCE 2.1.1 Fails Due to Expired Cassandra Certificate Kubernetes is the registered trademark of the Linux Foundation. The certificates in the truststore don't require Insufficient travel insurance to cover the massive medical expenses for a visitor to US? The process still works whether our NEW CAs are per host or cluster wide. Note that the file names tls.crt and tls.key will become important in a moment. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. You will want every node to have the CAs public certificate in its truststore. Deploy the NEW truststore to all the nodes in the cluster. SOLUTION. Here is a quick summary of the basic steps to create the assets necessary to encrypt connections between two hosts. But it fulfills a similar role by allowing you to build a set of base manifests that are then bundled, and which can be customized for your particular deployment scenario by patching. This issue is resolved, due to platform issue certs generated have extras carriage characters ^M. node3 - update keystore path to point to new keystore in cassandra.yaml. Apply the manifests using kubectl apply -k manifests/reaper. Our certificate configuration file, test_ca_cert.conf has the following contents: The command used to call the generate_cluster_ssl_stores.sh script is as follows. that is, create a csr for the new node, add it to the truststore and then copy the modified truststore to all of the nodes. This ensures that a high volume of repairs are not scheduled all at once (which would overwhelm the cluster and degrade the performance of real clients) while also making sure that all data is eventually repaired for when it is needed. Our current recommendation is to use a CA PC per Cassandra datacenter (DC) and add some basic scripts to merge both CA PCs into a single truststore to be propagated across all nodes. Node-to-node (internode) encryption protects data transferred between nodes in a cluster, including gossip communications, using SSL (Secure Sockets Layer). If a party tries to communicate with the node, it will refer to its truststore to see if it can validate the attempted communication using a CA PC that it knows about. Check that the certificates exist in the keystore and truststore files using, Import the user's certificate into every node's truststore using, Installing Java Cryptography Extension (JCE) Files, Preparing server certificates for development, Preparing SSL certificates for production. This example uses an alias of. Dive into the truststore-keystore directory and youll find the Issuer, it is very simple so we wont reproduce it here. Secondly, I want to reinforce that cert-manager is useful to organizations that are bringing their own certs and dont need one issued. We are referring to these as the Keystore Private Signing Key (KS PSK) and Keystore Public Certificate (KS PC). Not the answer you're looking for? Manual management of certificates may be possible using a secure vault (e.g. One mitigation to consider is using non-expiring CA PCs, in which case no CA PC rotation is ever performed without a manual trigger. The client verifies the server's certificate.