how to reduce oxidative stress in sperm

how to reduce oxidative stress in sperm

Med. Zhu, W. & Qiao, J. Rev. Effect of cell phone usage on semen analysis in men attending infertility clinic: an observational study. Lowers risk of miscarriages: It is equally a popular belief that it may lower the risk of miscarriages for pregnant women. Tolahunase, M., Sagar, R. & Dada, R. Impact of yoga and meditation on cellular aging in apparently healthy individuals: a prospective, open-label single-arm exploratory study. A review of literature. Both protamine-1 to protamine-2 mRNA ratio and Bcl2 mRNA content in testicular spermatids and ejaculated spermatozoa discriminate between fertile and infertile men. Protective effect of vitamin E and selenium combination on deltamethrin-induced reproductive toxicity in male rats. Safarinejad MR, Safarinejad S. Efficacy of selenium and/or N-acetyl-cysteine for improving semen parameters in infertile men: a double-blind, placebo controlled, randomized study. & Comhaire, F. H. WHO manual for the standardized investigation and diagnosis of the infertile male (Cambridge Univ. Rowe, P. J. Med. government site. Selenium provides protection to the liver but not the reproductive organs in an atrazine-model of experimental toxicity. Aging and oxidative stress. Differences in the rate of redistribution of receptors for concanavalin A in vivo and in vitro on spermatozoa from normal mice and from sterile mice carrying different T/t locus haplotypes. DNA Repair 6, 481488 (2007). In other words, the ratio of free radicals is too high, and the antioxidants can't keep up. 48, 112119 (2010). Psychol. Cad. Oxidative stress and sperm function: A systematic review on - PubMed These antioxidants are divided to enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant and male reproductive system has both antioxidant (1). Antioxid. Havrylyuk, A., Chopyak, V., Boyko, Y., Kril, I. Lenzi, A. et al. Twigg, J. et al. Another source of ROS in seminal fluid is Peroxides-positive leukocytes including polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes (50-60% of all seminal leukocytes) and macrophage (40-50% of the rest) (41, 42). 57, 265272 (2013). doi: 10.1590/acb381423. 66, 6067 (2013). 8600 Rockville Pike Oxidative stress and antioxidants for idiopathic oligoasthenoteratospermia: Is it justified? 16, 6678 (2012). . It has been demonstrated that the morphologically abnormal spermatozoa are very active in ROS productions (27). Systematic review of antioxidant types and doses in male infertility: Benefits on semen parameters, advanced sperm function, assisted reproduction and live-birth rate. Indian J. Urol. Omu A, Al-Azemi M, Kehinde E, Anim J, Oriowo M, Mathew T. Indications of the mechanisms involved in improved sperm parameters by zinc therapy. Curr. Histopathological examination of the protective effect of intense exercise in apoptotic germ cell damage due to diabetes. Thilagavathi, J. et al. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Steril. Base excision repair in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. Turner, C. et al. Reactive oxygen species production by the spermatozoa of patients with idiopathic infertility: relationship to seminal plasma antioxidants. Bloch-Damti A, Bashan N. Proposed mechanisms for the induction of insulin resistance by oxidative stress. J. Radiat. Aitken, R. J. Aitken, R. J. Antioxidant regimens and lifestyle modifications could both be plausible therapeutic approaches that enable the burden of oxidative-stress-induced male factor infertility to be overcome. McGhee, J. Disord. Ascorbic acid protects against endogenous oxidative DNA damage in human sperm. Eskiocak S, Gozen A, Taskiran A, Kilic A, Eskiocak M, Gulen S. Effect of psychological stress on the L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway and semen quality. Toxicol. Studies on mens health and fertility (oxidative stress in applied basic research and clinical practice). Trans. Reduction of the incidence of sperm DNA fragmentation by oral antioxidant treatment. Biomed Res. Also, it was shown that, butyl benzyl phalate has toxic effect on testis and reduces the testosterone level in serum (113, 114). De Rosa et al, indicated that NO and lead can diminish the seminal quality, and motor vehicles by releasing NO, have a negative effect on male fertility (111). of Arizona, 2013). Tosic, J. Gastroenterology 134, 16411654 (2008). Fertil. Any substance that prevents or reduces damage caused by free-radicals (highly reactive chemicals containing oxygen) that attack other molecules and modify their chemical structure. The study reports that regular yoga can reduce oxidative stress by maintaining or improving levels of glutathione (reduced and oxidized) and antioxidant status in the body. J. Polymorphisms in protamine 1 and protamine 2 predict the risk of male infertility: a meta-analysis. Crow, J. F. The origins, patterns and implications of human spontaneous mutation. PubMedGoogle Scholar. An oral antioxidant treatment has been reported to reduce sperm damage and improve intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) outcomes in patients with oxidative stress and sperm DNA damage. High levels of seminal oxidative stress lead to sperm DNA damage and male factor infertility. Halliwell B, Cross CE. Mostafa T, Tawadrous G, Roaia M, Amer M, Kader R, Aziz A. Genet. Pharmacol. 1, 114 (2012). Marees, T. et al. Devouassoux-Shisheboran, M. et al. A testicular cell responsible for nurturing the spermatids (immature sperm). Endocrinol. L, J. M., Lin, P. H., Yao, Q. D'agata R, Vicari E, Moncada M, Sidoti G, Calogero A, Fornito M, et al. Received 2015 Aug 23; Revised 2015 Dec 3; Accepted 2016 Jan 31. CAS Safarnavadeh T, Rastegarpanah M. Antioxidants and infertility treatment, the role of Satureja Khuzestanica: A mini-systematic review. When stimulated by FSH, the Sertoli cell initiates spermatogenesis. Storey, B. T. Biochemistry of the induction and prevention of lipoperoxidative damage in human spermatozoa. Aitken RJ. Venkatesh S, Gurdeep Singh M, Prasad Gupta N, Kumar R, Deecaraman M, Dada R. Correlation of sperm morphology and oxidative stress in infertile men. Darzynkiewicz, Z., Traganos, F., Sharpless, T. & Melamed, M. Thermal denaturation of DNA in situ as studied by acridine orange staining and automated cytofluorometry. Guz, J. et al. Mol. The findings of this study highlight the potential importance of aberrant mitochondrial activity in the aetiology of defective sperm function, which remains one of the major causes of human infertility. and JavaScript. Between different sperm anomalies, residual cytoplasm or cytoplasmic droplet may be considered as most important one in ROS production (28). Supplements to reduce oxidative stress in semen - inviTRA Pharmacogn. In addition, increase in cAMP levels, leading to an increase in sperm motility or hyper activation. Screening for bacterial pathogens in semen samples from infertile men with and without leukocytospermia. There is a long list of intrinsic and extrinsic factors which can induce oxidative stress to interact with lipids, proteins and DNA molecules. 53, 19451951 (1993). Rheumatol. Thannickal, V. J. The taurine and hypotaurine content of human semen. Du XL, Edelstein D, Dimmeler S, Ju Q, Sui C, Brownlee M. Hyperglycemia inhibits endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity by posttranslational modification at the Akt site. However, regular strength training has been shown to reduce markers of oxidative stress and boosts your body's antioxidant reserves, according to a study published in the Journal of Strength and Conditioning research. 15, 221225 (2013). Biol. Hum. 287, 803807 (2013). OS results from disturbances in the intricate balance between ROS generation and elimination. Ann. Kumar R, Venkatesh S, Kumar M, Tanwar M, Shasmsi MB, Kumar R, Gupta NP, Sharma RK, Talwar P, Dada R. Indian J Biochem Biophys. Hum. A variety of several etiological factors including intratesticular, post-testicular, and external factors, such as . & Clarkson, J. S. Cellular basis of defective sperm function and its association with the genesis of reactive oxygen species by human spermatozoa. Update 6, 122131 (2000). A free radical refers to a molecule that has at least one unpaired electron,3,4 which is responsible for the molecule's short-lived high energy state that causes instability and extreme reactivity.5 These free radicals will take part in propagative chain reactions and generate even more free radicals until two such radicals react and the . Iran. Agarwal A, Said TM. Role of oxidative stress and antioxidants in male infertility. Mol. Agarwal A, Said TM. Sabeur K, Ball B. Mol. Plasma total antioxidant capacity is associated with dietary intake and plasma level of antioxidants in postmenopausal women. Lewis S, Aitken R. DNA damage to spermatozoa has impacts on fertilization and pregnancy. The role of oxidative stress and antioxidants in male fertility. -, Agarwal A, Saleh RA, Bedaiwy MA. Treats dysentery. Hum. 112, 303309 (2003). Besides, increase in ROS production and temperature, in testicles, may denature the enzymes, implicated in spermatogenesis. Hosen, M. B., Islam, M. R., Begum, F., Kabir, Y. Free Radic. The biology of the sperm cell. 13, 3642 (2011). However, the level of seminal ROS is restricted by seminal antioxidants which have beneficial effects on sperm parameters and developmental potentials. Gomez E, Buckingham DW, Brindle J, Lanzafame F, Irvine DS, Aitken RJ. Mechanisms and clinical correlates of sperm DNA damage. 18 July 2022, Cell & Bioscience Asian J. Androl. Reprod. Yoga and meditation promotes quality of life by decreasing depression severity and cellular aging in male infertility: randomized controlled trial. Antioxidants are the agents, which break the oxidative chain reaction, thereby, reduce the oxidative stress [8, 60]. ROS has endogenous and exogenous sources. According to systematic reviews in the Cochrane database [ 97 ], 48 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared single and combined antioxidants with a . Potential for Ginkgo biloba as a functional food [Ph.D. thesis]. Environ. 8600 Rockville Pike & Agarwal, A. Sci. Fertil. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Musiek, E. S., Yin, H., Milne, G. L. & Morrow, J. D. Recent advances in the biochemistry and clinical relevance of the isoprostane pathway. Sci. Oxidative stress (OS) arises when the generation of ROS exceeds the cell's antioxidant scavenging ability and leads to cell damage. Kaliman, P. et al. Aberrant DNA methylation patterns of spermatozoa in men with unexplained infertility. Greco, E. et al. Eskiocak S, Gozen AS, Kilic AS, Molla S. Association between mental stress & some antioxidant enzymes of seminal plasma. Reprod. Oxidative stress is the result of imbalance between the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants in the body which can lead to sperm damage, deformity, and eventually male infertility. Semen quality of male smokers and nonsmokers in infertile couples. Keskes-Ammar L, Feki-Chakroun N, Rebai T, Sahnoun Z, Ghozzi H, Hammami S, et al. Med. Int. Reproduction 122, 497506 (2001). Moretti E, Signorini C, Corsaro R, Giamalidi M, Collodel G. Antioxidants (Basel). Neoreviews 16, e69e83 (2015). A Hindu spiritual and ascetic discipline, a part of which, including breath control, simple meditation, and the adoption of specific bodily postures, is widely practiced for health and relaxation purposes. Talebi AR, Mangoli E, Nahangi H, Anvari M, Pourentezari M, Halvaei I. Vitamin C attenuates detrimental effects of diabetes mellitus on sperm parameters, chromatin quality and rate of apoptosis in mice. Pacher, P., Beckman, J. S. & Liaudet, L. Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite in health and disease. Annu. Email: prof_talebi@ssu.ac.ir; prof_talebi@hotmail.com , Tel: (+98) 35 38247085. All investigators disclose no conflict of interest in this study. DNA damage, largely owing to oxidative stress, is a leading cause of defective sperm function. When there is an imbalance of reactive . Aitken, R. J. & Howlader, M. Z. H. Oxidative stress induced sperm DNA damage, a possible reason for male infertility. Glutaminase 2, a novel p53 target gene regulating energy metabolism and antioxidant function. Assoc. Sudarshan Kriya practitioners exhibit better antioxidant status and lower blood lactate levels. Davies, M. J. et al. Rucker, E. B. et al. Interv. Reprod. Iommiello, V. M. et al. Lift Weights Exercise actually boosts oxidative stress in the short term, which may make this seem counterintuitive. Hum. Bookshelf Asian J. Androl. The authors declare no competing financial interests. Sanocka D, Kurpisz M. Reactive oxygen species and sperm cells. 274, 1206112066 (1999). The findings of the study indicate that various lifestyle factors such as tobacco smoking, chewing and alcohol use as well as exposure to toxic agents might be attributed to the risk of declining semen quality and increases in oxidative stress and sperm DNA damage. Gomez, E., Irvine, D. & Aitken, R. Evaluation of a spectrophotometric assay for the measurement of malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxy-alkenals in human spermatozoa: relationships with semen quality and sperm function. J. Clin. Basic aspects of the biochemical reactivity of 4-hydroxynonenal. Aitken, J. Who may need sperm oxidative stress testing? Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Effect of Varicocele Treatment on Oxidative Stress Markers and Sperm Biol. Reprod. & Chen, C. Chemical and molecular mechanisms of antioxidants: experimental approaches and model systems. 35, 14951503 (2006). Nature Reviews Urology Effect of cigarette smoking on levels of seminal oxidative stress in infertile men: a prospective study. 5, 218225 (2004). PubMed Central In fact, these compounds have beneficial effects on sperm parameters and developmental ability of embryos (25). sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal A. Waris G, Ahsan H. Reactive oxygen species: role in the development of cancer and various chronic conditions. Drug Metab. Seminal plasma has endogenous antioxidant for protecting spermatozoa from oxidative damage (138, 139). Open Access Comparison of oxidative stress/DNA damage in semen and blood of fertile and infertile men. DNA Repair (Amst.) Tremellen K, Miari G, Froiland D, Thompson J. Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used to search PubMed, Medline, EMBASE, and the Cochrane electronic databases for studies investigating the role of oxidative stress (OS) on sperm function. Shaha, C., Tripathi, R. & Mishra, D. P. Male germ cell apoptosis: regulation and biology. A fertile partner may compensate for the fertility problem of the man and thus infertility usually manifests itself if both partners have reduced fertility [ 4 ]. & Roman, S. D. Antioxidant systems and oxidative stress in the testes. Genet. Expression of E-cadherin and -catenin in a varicocele-induced infertility rat model. J. Altern. Reprod. The role of obesity in ROS generation and male infertility. Kumar, S. B., Yadav, R., Yadav, R. K., Tolahunase, M. & Dada, R. Telomerase activity and cellular aging might be positively modified by a yoga-based lifestyle intervention. Baynes JW. Int. 81, 517524 (2009). Open Access articles citing this article. Generation of reactive oxygen species in subgroups of infertile men. Open Access Yoon, K. A., Nakamura, Y. It is generally accepted that antioxidant therapy can improve the sperm quality and male fertility by reducing oxidative stresses. & Darzynkiewicz, Z. Influence of reactive oxygen species on human sperm functions and fertilizing capacity including therapeutical approaches. Reprod. & Whiteman, M. Measuring reactive species and oxidative damage in vivo and in cell culture: how should you do it and what do the results mean? Int. & Pummer, K. The impact of cigarette smoking on human semen parameters and hormones. Prog. Leukocytospermia is a condition defined by the presence of more than 1 10 6 white blood cells/mL of semen [58]. Drge, W. Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function. Nucleic Acid Res. Peake JM, Suzuki K, Coombes JS. & Kurpisz, M. Cytokines in the blood and semen of infertile patients. Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. Besides, leukocytes including polymer phonuclear (PMN) leukocytes and macrophages produce broad category of molecules including oxygen free radicals, non-radical species and reactive nitrogen species. J. Physiol. 17, 15541559 (2002). Syst. Effect of smoking on seminal plasma ascorbic acid in infertile and fertile males. Mutat. High levels of oxidative stress result in damage to sperm DNA, RNA transcripts, and telomeres and, therefore might provide a common underlying aetiology of male infertility and recurrent pregnancy loss, in addition to congenital malformations, complex neuropsychiatric disorders, and childhood cancers in children fathered by men with defective sperm cells. Origin of reactive oxygen species in human semen: spermatozoa or leucocytes? J. Androl. Google Scholar. Med. Rubes J, Selevan SG, Evenson DP, Zudova D, Vozdova M, Zudova Z, et al. 2014, 360438 (2014). Fedder J. Nonsperm cells in human semen: with special reference to seminal leukocytes and their possible influence on fertility. Bucak MN, Tuncer PB, Sarzkan S, Uluta PA, oyan K, Bapnar N, et al. Res. & Bird, A. P. Genomic DNA methylation: the mark and its mediators. Exp. Longev. Chew BP, Park JS. Oxygen is important for aerobic metabolism of spermatogenic cells, but this molecule may have detrimental effects on cells via production of ROS. Rousseaux, S. et al. Case Rep. 5, 509 (2015). Dietrich M, Block G, Norkus EP, Hudes M, Traber MG, Cross CE, et al. Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin MT, Mazur M, Telser J. Accessibility Baccetti, B. Dooher GB. Bioessays 16, 259267 (1994). Mol. Oxid. Cell. Review of clinical trials on effects of oral antioxidants on basic semen and other parameters in idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermia. Free radicals and other reactive species in disease. Zheng, P., Schramm, R. D. & Latham, K. E. Developmental regulation and in vitro culture effects on expression of DNA repair and cell cycle checkpoint control genes in rhesus monkey oocytes and embryos. Lamirande ED, Gagnon C. A positive role for the superoxide anion in triggering hyperactivation and capacitation of human spermatozoa. 138, 512518 (1943). Med. 2017, 4365429 (2017). Antioxidants help protect the sperm from oxidative stress, which can cause damage to the DNA and affect the quality of the sperm. Kovac, J. R. et al. Pasqualotto, F. F., Sharma, R. K., Nelson, D. R., Thomas, A. J. The presence of a truncated base excision repair pathway in human spermatozoa that is mediated by OGG1. Biomarkers of exposure to vitamins A, C, and E and their relation to lipid and protein oxidation markers. Santoro G, Romeo C, Impellizzeri P, Ientile R, Cutroneo G, Trimarchi F, et al. Frontiers | Role of Oxidative Stress in Varicocele Distinctive chromatin in human sperm packages genes for embryo development. Zhang, X., Gabriel, M. S. & Zini, A. Urol. Halliwell, B. Assist. Aitken, R. J., Baker, M. A. Correlation between sperm parameters and sperm DNA fragmentation in fertile and infertile men. 49, 134140 (2004). Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. J. Epidemiol. Malhi, H. & Gores, G. J. Br. Disclaimer. German JB, Traber MG, Rucker RB, Suttie JW, Mccormick DB, Machlin LJ. Google Scholar. Biochemistry of Spermatozoa: Chemical and Functional Correlations in Ejaculated Semen, Andrological Aspect. However, the spermatozoa have minimum antioxidant enzymes. 56, 235245 (2004). Natl Acad. An official website of the United States government. Clinical implications of oxidative stress & sperm DNA damage in normozoospermic infertile men. 2015, 321901 (2015). Khalsa, D. S. & Newberg, A. in Enhancing Cognitive Fitness in Adults (eds Hartman-Stein, P. E. & La Rue, A.) Prevention of Oxidative Stress Injury to Sperm - Agarwal - 2005 Zini A, Fischer MA, Nam RK, Jarvi K. Use of alternative and hormonal therapies in male infertility. Harlev, A., Agarwal, A., Gunes, S. O., Shetty, A. Carlson, L. E., Speca, M., Patel, K. D. & Goodey, E. Mindfulness-based stress reduction in relation to quality of life, mood, symptoms of stress, and immune parameters in breast and prostate cancer outpatients. 2023 Apr 3;12(7):2671. doi: 10.3390/jcm12072671. Several studies have shown, that the oxidative stress in varicocele men could be the result of both increase in the level of ROS, and decrease in the total antioxidant capacity (78-80). Cell Sci. This process includes internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, which, along with chromatin condensation, is considered a hallmark of apoptosis. Bisht, S., Faiq, M., Tolahunase, M. et al. 57, 124132 (2011). Jenkins, T. G., Aston, K. I., Pflueger, C., Cairns, B. R. & Carrell, D. T. Age-associated sperm DNA methylation alterations: possible implications in offspring disease susceptibility. Dorostghoal, M., Kazeminejad, S., Shahbazian, N., Pourmehdi, M. & Jabbari, A. Oxidative stress status and sperm DNA fragmentation in fertile and infertile men. Effects of psychological stress on human semen quality. Studies have shown that ROS generation in cytoplasmic droplets is mediated by cytosolic enzyme, called glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), which induces high levels of ROS production during two pathways, I) nicotinamid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) located in sperm plasma membrane and II) NADPH- dependent oxido-reductase known as diphorase located in middle piece at mitochondrial respiratory level (33-37). Vine M, Tse C-K, Hu P, Truong KY. Cigarette smoking and semen quality. Tan, M. et al. Prakash S, Prithiviraj E, Suresh S, Lakshmi NV, Ganesh MK, Anuradha M, et al. Detection of DNA strand breaks in individual apoptotic cells by the in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase and nick translation assays. Reproduction 141, 139150 (2011). Oxidative Stress: Antioxidants, Lifestyle-Related Disease, and More - WebMD Oxidative stress (OS) occurs when levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), primarily generated by the electron transport chain (ETC), exceed those necessary for cellular signalling and overwhelms the detoxification capacity of a biological system [ 1 ]. Effect of yoga and meditation based intervention on intraocular pressure, quality of life, oxidative stress and gene expression pattern in primary open angle glaucoma: a randomized controlled trial [abstract]. 175, 184191 (1988). Junqueira VB, Barros SB, Chan SS, Rodrigues L, Giavarotti L, Abud RL, et al. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, Nature 356, 215221 (1992). Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. The endogenous ROS produces by immature sperm and leukocytes of semen (50). Actually, ROS that are produced in testis infection and epididymis are dangerous for sperm, because, antioxidant protection in sperm is low and ROS can affect these cells in a long period (129, 130). In a variety of human infectious, ROS, are produced generally by viruses besides bacteria and parasites (124). 93, S242S254 (2010). Oxidative stress is a bodily condition that happens when your antioxidant levels are low. 23, 17251731 (2012). New York, USA: Springer Science and Business Media; 2013. p. 6989. Infertile men with specific semen characteristics such as a low semen concentration, poor motility of the spermatozoa, and a high proportion of morphologically abnormal spermatozoa are 1.6 times more likely to develop testicular cancer than fertile men. Read the full article on: What are Antioxidants and How Do They Affect Sperm Quality? 2017, 7928981 (2017). Hum. Splitting of DNA strands into shorter pieces by endonucleolytic DNA cleavage at multiple sites. Int. A placebo-controlled double-blind randomized trial of the use of combined l-carnitine and l-acetyl-carnitine treatment in men with asthenozoospermia. 1984;30:323331. Urology 67, 28 (2006). The studies were published between 1984 and 2018. 7, 401411 (2007). The results indicated a longer duration of sperm motility at 29 . Arcaniolo D, Favilla V, Tiscione D, Pisano F, Bozzini G, Creta M, et al. Nadapdap T, Lutan D, Arsyad K, Ilyas S. Influence of Chitosan from Shrimp Skin to Quality and Quantity of Sperm of Albino Rats after Administration of Lead. Agarwal D, Maronpot R, Lamb J, Kluwe W. Adverse effects of butyl benzyl phthalate on the reproductive and hematopoietic systems of male rats. Int. Oxidative stress, sperm survival and fertility control. Overproduction of free radicals such as reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species leads to oxidative stress, which is associated with the pathophysiology of various human diseases including cancer, cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, hypertension, ischemia/reperfusion injury, diabetes mellitus, neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease), rheumatoid arthritis, and ageing. Shamsi, M. B. et al. Epidemiol. PubMed Central A. Some of them are Andean layer, androferti and BrudyFertilAOX. Adv. Environ. Vitamin C and its antioxidant property for improvement of sperm parameters is confirmed by several studies support the positive effects of vitamin C on different sperm parameters (147-149). Potential for Ginkgo biloba as a functional food. Venkatesh, S., Deecaraman, M., Kumar, R., Shamsi, M. & Dada, R. Role of reactive oxygen species in the pathogenesis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations in male infertility. Human sperm cryopreservation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. In addition, NO and superoxide which released by monocytes form peroxynitrite cause more spermatozoa damage (84, 85). Mishra, S., Kumar, R., Malhotra, N., Singh, N. & Dada, R. Mild oxidative stress is beneficial for sperm telomere length maintenance.

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