islamic emirate of afghanistan
Television programs began airing in the 1970s and today there are many private television channels such as TOLO and Shamshad TV. The lands of Afghanistan have a long history of art, with the world's earliest known usage of oil painting found in cave murals in the country. [131] Prince Mohammed Nadir Shah, Amanullah's cousin, in turn defeated and killed Kalakani in October 1929, and was declared King Nadir Shah. The rest is provided to non-budgetary expenditure and donor-designated projects through the United Nations system and non-governmental organizations.[392]. [383][384] In a May interview with Christiane Amanpour, First Deputy Leader Sirajuddin Haqqani claimed the decree is only advisory and no form of hijab is compulsory in Afghanistan,[385] though this contradicts the reality. Some regional festivals include the Pamir Festival, which celebrates the culture of the Wakhi and Kyrgyz peoples, the Red Flower Festival (during Nowruz) in Mazar-i-Sharif and the Damboora Festival in Bamyan Province. [47] The Arabic and Persian form of the name, Afn, was first attested in the 10th-century geography book Hudud al-'Alam. The French Medical Institute for Children and Indira Gandhi Children's Hospital in Kabul are the leading children's hospitals in the country. Afghanistan remained one of the poorest countries in the world because of a lack of foreign investment, government corruption, and the Taliban insurgency. The Taliban's Dangerous Collision Course With the West [426] Government officials estimate that 30% of the country's untapped mineral deposits are worth at least $1 trillion. [376] With implementing Sharia law offenders can be punished by death. According to the World Bank, 98% of the rural population have access to electricity in 2018, up from 28% in 2008. An Outline of the History Of Persia During The Last Two Centuries (A.D. 17221922)", "Afghanistan A History From 1260 To The Present", "The History Of Afghanistan Fay Muammad Ktib Hazrah's Sirj Al Tawrkh By R. D. Mcchesney, M. M. Khorrami", "Great Britain's Great Game: An Introduction", In Defence of British India: Great Britain in the Middle East, 17751842, "THE RAJ RECONSIDERED: BRITISH INDIA'S INFORMAL EMPIRE AND SPHERES OF INFLUENCE IN ASIA AND AFRICA", "Afghan Women Hope for More Gains Under New Administration Afghanistan", "Afghan rail plan among proposals for donors", "Queen Soraya of Afghanistan: A woman ahead of her time", "Afghanistan: History Of 1973 Coup Sheds Light On Relations With Pakistan", "Monitoring Trends in Global Combat: A New Dataset of Battle Deaths", "Genocide and the Soviet Occupation of Afghanistan", "Landmines in Afghanistan: A Decades Old Danger", "Refugee Admissions Program for Near East and South Asia", "Afghanistan: Land Mines From Afghan-Soviet War Leave Bitter Legacy (Part 2)", 'Mujahidin vs. Communists: Revisiting the battles of Jalalabad and Khost, "Blood-Stained Hands, Past Atrocities in Kabul and Afghanistan's Legacy of Impunity", "Casting Shadows: War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity: 19782001", "Afghanistan: The massacre in Mazar-i Sharif. The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan not only ensures security and stability in Afghanistan after years of war, but also . time the Taliban ruled Afghanistan, the . Kabul [ Afghanistan ], May 31 (ANI): Referring to recent border clashes with Afghanistan, commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps' Aerospace Force (IRGC-AF), Amir Ali Hajizadeh termed . [267] When nomads pass villages they often buy supplies such as tea, wheat and kerosene from the villagers; villagers buy wool and milk from the nomads. These were worn by some women of the Pashtun community well before Islam came to the region, but the Taliban enforced this dress on women when they were in power. This (along with other factors such as returning refugees) caused rapid population growth in the 2000s that has only recently started to slow down. [478] Another popular dress is the chapan which acts as a coat. The Minaret of Jam in the Hari River valley is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. [293] Millions have since returned and the war conditions contribute to the country having the highest fertility rate outside Africa. Including domestic airports, there are 43. The Afghan region has produced countless Persian-speaking poets and writers from the Middle Ages to the present day, among which three mystical authors are considered true national glories (although claimed with equal ardor by Iran), namely: Khwaja Abdullah Ansari of Herat, a great mystic and Sufi saint in the 11th century, Sanai of Ghazni, author of mystical poems in the 12th century, and, finally, Rumi of Balkh, in the 13th century, considered the persophonist throughout the world as the greatest mystical poet of the entire Muslim world. Ahmad Shah had sought out multiple reasons for his invasions, Ahmad Shah saw Afghanistan in a dire state, and one that needed to expand and exploit a weak but rich neighboring country, which Ahmad Shah had capitalized on in multiple opportunities during his Invasions of India, he sought the reasons needed to fill his treasury in a war-plunder conquest based economy. Khushal Khan Khattak of the 17th century is considered the national poet. [194], In December 2001, after the Taliban government was overthrown, the Afghan Interim Administration under Hamid Karzai was formed. [365] The functions of provincial councils are to take part in provincial development planning and to participate in the monitoring and appraisal of other provincial governance institutions. The Islamic fundamentalist Taliban controlled most of the country by 1996, but their Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan received little international recognition before its overthrow in the 2001 US invasion of Afghanistan. As of 2021[update], Afghanistan's population is 40.2 million[6] (officially estimated to be 32.9 million),[27] composed of ethnic Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras, Uzbeks, Turkmens, Qizilbash, Aimak, Pashayi, Baloch, Pamiris, Nuristanis, and others. ", "China urges World Bank, IMF to help Afghanistan", "Afghanistan: Can the Taliban avert a food crisis without foreign aid? It occurs every year at the vernal equinox. The Mauryans controlled the area south of the Hindu Kush until they were overthrown in about 185 BCE. [401] Afghan rugs are becoming popular again, allowing many carpet dealers around the country to hire more workers; in 201617 it was the fourth most exported group of items. [104] Ahmad Shah had launched his first invasion in 1748, crossing the indus river, his armies sacked and absorbed Lahore into the Durrani Realm. Sher Ali would win this civil war and would go on to rule the realm until In 1878, the British had returned in the Second Anglo-Afghan War which was fought over perceived Russian influence in the region, Abdur Rahman Khan replaced Ayub Khan who had succeeded Sher Ali Khan after his death in 1879. Camels are primarily used by the Kochi nomads. Afghanistan has performed the function in central Asia which Korea and Laos-Cambodia have performed in East and Southeast Asia: a regional flashpoint of colliding Great Power interests. [508] The nation's culinary specialties reflect its ethnic and geographic diversity. Airlines from a number of countries also provide flights in and out of the country. ", "Taliban orders head-to-toe coverings for Afghan women in public", "Taliban order all Afghan women to cover their faces in public", "Top Taliban leader makes more promises on women's rights but quips 'naughty women' should stay home", "The Taliban Pressure Women in Afghanistan to Cover Up", "Taliban divisions deepen as Afghan women defy veil edict", "Afghanistan's female TV presenters must cover their faces, say Taliban", "Taliban dissolves Afghanistan's human rights commission as 'unnecessary', "Karzai Woos India Inc. as Delay on U.S. Pact Deters Billions", "Field Listing:: GDP composition, by sector of origin The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency", "The Taliban Is Capturing Afghanistan's $1 Trillion in Mining Wealth", "Interest Rate Cut in Place, Says Central Bank", "Afghani Falls Against Dollar By 3% In A Month", "Afghan Companies Say U.S. Did Not Pay Them", "Sales of Afghanistan's renowned carpets unravel as war intensifies", "Taliban blames U.S. as 1 million Afghan kids face death by starvation", "Is the United States Driving Afghanistan Toward Famine? [408] The country is known for producing pomegranates, grapes, apricots, melons, and several other fresh and dry fruits. In 1973, while the King was in Italy, Daoud Khan launched a bloodless coup and became the first President of Afghanistan, abolishing the monarchy. In more detail, it extended from what today is northwest Pakistan to northwest India and northeast Afghanistan. Most of the highest points are in the east consisting of fertile mountain valleys, often considered part of the "Roof of the World". Between 2012 and 2019, the saffron cultivated and produced in Afghanistan was consecutively ranked the world's best by the International Taste and Quality Institute. [391], While the nation's current account deficit is largely financed with donor money, only a small portion is provided directly to the government budget. [298] Dari, which is also referred to as Eastern Persian as it is a variety of and mutually intelligible with Persian (and very often called 'Farsi' by some Afghans like in Iran) functions as the lingua franca in Kabul as well as in much of the northern and northwestern parts of the country. [43] The country is a member of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation and a founding member of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation. Nevertheless, some 20,000 foreign tourists visit the country annually as of 2016. [223][224] The Taliban captured the capital city of Kabul on 15 August 2021, after regaining control over a vast majority of Afghanistan. [234][235][232], According to the Costs of War Project, 176,000 people were killed in the conflict, including 46,319 civilians, between 2001 and 2021. An important site of early historical activities, many believe that Afghanistan compares to Egypt in terms of the historical value of its archaeological sites. Afghanistan: Who's who in the Taliban leadership - BBC News Since the 1900s, the nation began to use Western techniques in art. [493][494] A notable art style that developed in Afghanistan and eastern Pakistan is Gandhara Art, produced by a fusion of Greco-Roman art and Buddhist art between the 1st and 7th centuries CE. Afghanistan's rough physical geography and its landlocked status has been cited as reasons why the country has always been among the least developed in the modern era a factor where progress is also slowed by contemporary conflict and political instability. Following this, Ahmad Shah had sieged Nishapur once again, and captured it. Later, the Samanids extended their Islamic influence south of the Hindu Kush. [232] Clashes in the valley ceased mid-September,[233] as Saleh and Massoud had fled to neighboring Tajikistan. The Islamic fundamentalist group returned to power in Afghanistan in 2021 after waging an insurgency against the U.S.-backed government in Kabul since 2001. Iran commander calls Border clashes "unimportant, Taliban points to served as the focal point of the Timurid Renaissance, whose glory matched Florence of the Italian Renaissance as the center of a cultural rebirth. Timur Shah's reign oversaw the attempted stabilization and consolidation of the empire. At the Kabul airport, site of last year's chaotic and bloody evacuation, there was a new sign on the side of the terminal, near the white flag of the Taliban: "The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. Taliban to Declare Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan: Official Mahmud led campaigns into modern Iran, with his first attempt in 1719 besieging Kerman, however this attempt failed. [479] The pakol is another traditional hat originating from the far east of the country; it was popularly worn by the guerrilla leader Ahmad Shah Massoud. [94] During the Medieval Period, the northwestern area of Afghanistan was referred to by the regional name Khorasan. [341] On March 23, 2022, there were reports a cabinet shakeup was underway as another meeting of the Leadership Council was held in Kandahar for the second time since the Taliban Islamic Movement came to power as a way to get international recognition. [270] The service sector contributed the most to the GDP (55.9%) followed by agriculture (23%) and industry (21.1%). [435] However electricity is not always reliable and blackouts happen, including in Kabul. The name Afghanistan (Afghnistn, land of the Afghans / Pashtuns, afghina, sing. [285] Bicycles are popular throughout Afghanistan. With the capture of Peshawar, Ahmad Shah had used this as a convenient striking point to lead his military campaigns into Punjab and India. [61] The region of Arachosia, around Kandahar in modern-day southern Afghanistan, used to be primarily Zoroastrian and played a key role in the transfer of the Avesta to Persia and is thus considered by some to be the "second homeland of Zoroastrianism". [210], In September 2014 Ashraf Ghani became president after the 2014 presidential election where for the first time in Afghanistan's history power was democratically transferred. Habibullah was assassinated during a hunting trip in February 1919, and Amanullah Khan eventually assumed power. At multiple points, the land has been incorporated within vast regional empires; among them the Achaemenid Empire, the Macedonian Empire, the Maurya Empire, and the Islamic Empire. He was known as the "Iron Amir" for his features and his ruthless methods against tribes. The other two major ethnic groups are the Hazaras and Uzbeks. From India, the British attempted to subjugate Afghanistan but were repelled in the First Anglo-Afghan War. An inscription on the tombstone of Darius I of Persia mentions the Kabul Valley in a list of the 29 countries that he had conquered. Some scholars suggest that the root name Afghn is derived from the Sanskrit word Avakan, which was the name used for ancient inhabitants of the Hindu Kush. [504][503] Other notable masters of traditional or popular Afghan music include Nashenas, Ubaidullah Jan, Mahwash, Ahmad Wali, Farhad Darya, and Naghma. Endemic flora include Iris afghanica. [111] However, he was forced to withdraw, with his brother, Mahmud Shah Durrani revolting, Zaman Shah would be toppled from his reign, replaced by his brother, Mahmud Shah Durrani. Ex top spy Saleh, son of 'Lion of Panjshir' meet at citadel", "Afghan Vice President Saleh Declares Himself Caretaker President; Reaches Out To Leaders for Support", "Taliban says it has captured last Afghan region of resistance", "In Panjshir, Few Signs of an Active Resistance, or Any Fight at All", "Afghan resistance has sanctuary in Tajikistan, but fighting Taliban a 'non-viable prospect', "Human and Budgetary Costs to Date of the U.S. War in Afghanistan, 20012022 | Figures | Costs of War", "In numbers: Life in Afghanistan after America leaves", "Shifting to Governing, Taliban Will Name Supreme Afghan Leader", " ", "Taliban announce new government for Afghanistan", "Profile: Who is Afghanistan's new caretaker prime minister? [311], There was a small Jewish community in Afghanistan, living mainly in Herat and Kabul. The Taliban have seized power and have announced that Afghanistan should again be called the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, as it was when the Taliban last ruled the country in the 1990s. Return of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan: The Jihadist State of However, the Second Anglo-Afghan War saw a British victory and the successful establishment of British political influence over Afghanistan. Soviet troops in more substantial numbers were deployed to stabilize Afghanistan under Karmal, marking the beginning of the SovietAfghan War. The Afghan Conundrum: Taliban's Takeover and the Way Forward It was added that Hibatullah Akhundzada would be officially named Emir, with cabinet ministers being revealed at the Arg in an official ceremony. A rail line between Khaf, Iran and Herat, western Afghanistan, intended for both freight and passengers, is under construction as of 2019. [450], The Ring Road is crucially important for domestic and international trade and the economy. His brothers rebelled and a civil war brew between the Sadozais and the Barakzais. He was later bestowed the title of Amir al-Mu'minin for waging Jihad against the Sikhs in 1834. [452] It is the only land route that connects Central Asia to the Indian subcontinent. region[107] The Durranis lost Multan in 1772 after Ahmad Shah's death, following this victory by Timur Shah, Timur Shah was able to lay siege to Multan and recapture it,[108] incorporating it into the Durrani empire once again, reintegrating it as a province until the siege of Multan (1818). Foxes, wolves, otters, deer, wild sheep, lynx and other big cats populate the mountain forest region of the east. [178][179][180][181][182][183][excessive citations], After the fall of Kabul to the Taliban, Ahmad Shah Massoud and Abdul Rashid Dostum formed the Northern Alliance, later joined by others, to resist the Taliban. Several Bollywood films have been shot inside Afghanistan, including Dharmatma, Khuda Gawah, Escape from Taliban, and Kabul Express. [436] In recent years an increasing number of solar, biomass and wind power plants have been constructed. [474] Child marriage is prevalent in Afghanistan;[475] the legal age for marriage is 16. [267] It is dominated by the Hindu Kush range, the western extension of the Himalayas that stretches to eastern Tibet via the Pamir Mountains and Karakoram Mountains in Afghanistan's far north-east. The last meeting of the Leadership Council was held from August 28, 2021, to August 30, 2021.[361][362]. In practice however, mayors are appointed by the government.[366]. [277] The last strong earthquakes were in 1998, which killed about 6,000 people in Badakhshan near Tajikistan. The rubab is the country's national instrument and precurses the Indian sarod instrument. [532] The Afghan Hound (a type of running dog) originated in Afghanistan and was formerly used in wolf hunting. The Hindu Kush ends at the west-central highlands, creating plains in the north and southwest, namely the Turkestan Plains and the Sistan Basin; these two regions consist of rolling grasslands and semi-deserts, and hot windy deserts, respectively. The most prominent state being the Emirate of Kabul, ruled by Dost Mohammad Khan after he declared himself emir in summer 1826 after he usurped the throne from his brother, Sultan Mohammad Khan. The Afghan Pashto literature, although quantitatively remarkable and in great growth in the last century, has always had an essentially local meaning and importance, feeling the influence of both Persian literature and the contiguous literatures of India. [524][525] The Afghan Sports Federation promotes cricket, association football, basketball, volleyball, golf, handball, boxing, taekwondo, weightlifting, bodybuilding, track and field, skating, bowling, snooker, chess, and other sports. KABUL, Afghanistan (AP) The Taliban swept into Afghanistan's capital Sunday after the government collapsed and the embattled president joined an exodus of his fellow citizens and foreigners, signaling the end of a costly two-decade U.S. campaign to remake the country. Carpet weaving is an ancient practice in Afghanistan, and many of these are still handmade by tribal and nomadic people today. The 2020 USTaliban deal was one of the critical events that caused the collapse of the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF);[220] following the signing of the deal, the US dramatically reduced the number of air attacks and deprived the ANSF of a critical edge in fighting the Taliban insurgency, leading to the Taliban takeover of Kabul. [306], Afghans, particularly Pashtuns, are noted for their tribal solidarity and high regard for personal honor. Amid a state of anarchy and factional infighting,[164][165][166] various mujahideen factions committed widespread rape, murder and extortion,[165][167][168] while Kabul was heavily bombarded and partially destroyed by the fighting. For the, The last census in Afghanistan was conducted in 1979, and was itself incomplete. The Afghan national cricket team, which was formed in 2001, participated in the 2009 ICC World Cup Qualifier, 2010 ICC World Cricket League Division One and the 2010 ICC World Twenty20. [citation needed] From 1749 to 1767, Ahmad Shah would lead 6 more invasions, the most important being his sixth invasion, with the Third Battle of Panipat, which created a power vacuum in northern India, halting Maratha expansion. Afghanistan has a wide variety of birds despite its relatively arid climate an estimated 460 species of which 235 breed within. On a per capita basis, Afghanistan received more Soviet development aid than any other country. In Afghanistan, Nowruz is typically celebrated with music and dance, as well as holding buzkashi tournaments. As reported in 2010, the state needs more than US$2billion to rehabilitate its irrigation systems so that the water is properly managed. However, up to the 19th century the term Khorasan was commonly used among natives to describe their country; Sir George Elphinstone wrote with amazement that the country known to outsiders as "Afghanistan" was referred to by its own inhabitants as "Khorasan" and that the first Afghan official whom he met at the border welcomed him to Khorasan.[95][96][97][98]. [461][462] There are various proposals for the construction of additional rail lines in the country. During the first century BCE, the Parthian Empire subjugated the region but lost it to their Indo-Parthian vassals. Other demonyms that have been used are Afghani, Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark (1998). The International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) was established by the UN Security Council to help assist the Karzai administration and provide basic security. [323] As of 2018 the literacy rate of the population age 15 and older is 43.02% (males 55.48% and females 29.81%). [485] Some crafters express their feelings through the designs of rugs; for example after the outbreak of the SovietAfghan War, "war rugs", a variant of Afghan rugs, were created with designs representing pain and misery caused by the conflict. Kabuli palaw is the national dish of Afghanistan. [523] Several international celebrations are also officially held in Afghanistan, such as International Workers' Day and International Women's Day. The first Afghan newspaper was published in 1873,[497] and there are hundreds of print outlets today. The country's highest point is Noshaq, at 7,492m (24,580ft) above sea level. [237] Following the 2001 invasion, more than 5.7 million refugees returned to Afghanistan;[238] however, in 2021, 2.6 million Afghans remained refugees, primarily in Iran and Pakistan, and another 4 million were internally displaced. ", "Hardliners get key posts in new Taliban government", "Taliban Announces Head of State, Acting Ministers", "Taliban Name Their Deputy Ministers, Doubling Down On An All-Male Team", "Who will speak for Afghanistan at the United Nations? Homosexuality is taboo in Afghan society;[375] according to the Penal Code, homosexual intimacy is punished by up to a year in prison.
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