tetrahydro naphthalene on heating in presence of selenium gives

tetrahydro naphthalene on heating in presence of selenium gives

Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! CAS No. Further hydrogenation yields decahydronaphthalene or decalin (C10H18). The aminonaphthalenesulfonic acids are precursors for synthesis of many synthetic dyes. Humans, in particular children, have developed the condition known as hemolytic anemia, after ingesting mothballs or deodorant blocks containing naphthalene. Trace amounts of naphthalene are produced by magnolias and some species of deer, as well as the Formosan subterranean termite, possibly produced by the termite as a repellant against "ants, poisonous fungi and nematode worms. Zorn C, Kohler M, Weis N, Scharenberg W. Proposal for assessment of indoor air polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) In: Yang X, Zhao B, Zhao R, editors. J Chem Phys. Hassan, F.; Al-Duri, B.; Wood, J. Li Z, Mulholland JA, Romanoff LC, Pittman EN, Trinidad DA, Lewin MD, Sjodin A. This paper reports the hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of tetralin and naphthalene as model reactions that mimic polyaromatic compounds found in heavy oil. Outdoor exposures, except where there are strong industrial sources, are well below the RfC. Available online: Hu, L.; Li, H.; Babadagli, T.; Ahmadloo, M. Experimental investigation of combined electromagnetic heating and solvent-assisted gravity drainage for heavy oil recovery. This analysis suggests that further study, control and abatement are warranted. -, Orig Life Evol Biosph. Acidic conditions enhanced their catalytic activity, whereas basic conditions suppressed it. Cooper DA. Information is also lacking for Australia and other countries where indoor use of naphthalene is common. Heavy oil is known to be deficient in hydrogen. 2020;251:25-108. doi: 10.1007/398_2019_29. The lack of studies examining personal exposures in North America, where naphthalene has found extensive indoor use and where both indoor and outdoor concentrations are higher, represents a significant gap in the literature. There is a need to validate and intercompare VOC and PAH measurement techniques. Some 6-fluoro-5-substituted-benzimidazole derivatives in which indole and 1,1,4,4-tetramethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene groups were attached to the 2-position of the benzimidazole ring were synthesized and tested for antioxidant properties in vitro. 2010 Nov 19;5(11):e14072. [121] made simultaneous indoor, outdoor and personal measurements, and found that personal exposures (including means, medians, and maxima) were lower than indoor concentrations. Additionally, naphthalene is of environmental interest, because of its chronic and acute effects on living systems, such as humans and animals (e.g. Naphthalene concentrations measured at remote locations, such as rural areas of Western Canada, typically range from below method detection limits (Structure and reactivity of phosphorus-selenium - RSC Publishing Incorporation of deuterium atoms from D2O into 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthoic acid suggests that water is the proton source for hydrogenation. Naphthalene was ranked the second highest indoor risk driver and the third highest outdoor risk driver in a Michigan study [107]. Epub 2022 Apr 14. ; Greaves, M. Experimental optimisation of catalytic process in situ for heavy-oil and bitumen upgrading. permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. 1996-2023 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated. Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines Part III. A high temperature heat transfer fluid is disclosed which comprises a mixture of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro(1-phenylethyl)naphthalene and an alkyl biphenyl to provide high temperature heat transfer fluids exhibiting favorable thermal stability. Influence of the support on catalytic activity. Srogi K. Monitoring of environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a review. Emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the pyrolysis of liquid crystal wastes. Naphthalenedisulfonic acids such as Armstrong's acid are used as precursors and to form pharmaceutical salts such as CFT. They are produced by treating naphthalenesulfonic acid with formaldehyde, followed by neutralization with sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10050497, Hart, Abarasi, Mohamed Adam, John P. Robinson, Sean P. Rigby, and Joseph Wood. Review: Indoor concentrations of volatile organic compounds: Implications for comfort, health and regulation. The coke formation for the hydrogenation of naphthalene under IH and CH at 300 C is shown in, This is because the intimate contact between the steel balls and catalyst induces rapid heat transfer in the IH reactor, which enhances the desorption of strongly absorbed residual naphthalene and its products tetralin and decalins from the surface of the catalyst, unlike the slow heat transfer experienced with the CH system. https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess. Available online: Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines Part II: Technical Support Document for Cancer Potency Factors, Appendix B. Magee B, Samuelian J, Haines K, Chappel M, Penn I, Chin D, Anders D, Hinz J. Screening-level population risk assessment of nasal tumors in the US due to naphthalene exposure. All but one of the ambient studies used sampling periods less than 3 years in length, and thus long-term trends were not investigated. Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Naphthalene, EPA 738-R-07-010. Yang HH, Lee WJ, Chen SJ, Lai SO. Effects of smoking rate, ventilation, and furnishing level on emission factors. Available online: Toxicological Review of Naphthalene [External Review Draft]. Harrison RM, Smith DJT, Luhana L. Source apportionment of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons collected from an urban location in Birmingham, UK. Available online: Hart, A.; Shah, A.; Leeke, G.; Greaves, M.; Wood, J. Optimization of the CAPRI Process for Heavy Oil Upgrading: Effect of Hydrogen and Guard Bed. and S.P.R. In this paper we give an overview of radiolytic studies of naphthalene in the presence of both liquid water and water ice. Concern regarding human exposure to naphthalene through inhalation has greatly increased due to its potential carcinogenicity, which was discovered in 2000 [3]. However, available data are not ideal for quantitative trend studies. Liu, F.; Xu, S.; Cao, L.; Chi, Y.; Zhang, T.; Xue, D. A Comparison of NiMo/Al. Proximity to industrial facilities can increase naphthalene concentrations. The used catalyst after the hydrogenation reaction was subjected to thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) (TG 209 F1 Iris, Condensed arenes extensively exist in heavy oil and are a complex class of hydrocarbons with many fused benzene rings. Please let us know what you think of our products and services. In terms of regiochemistry, electrophiles attack at the alpha position. moths). and transmitted securely. [41] Naphthalene's minimum odor threshold is 0.084 ppm for humans. [29] used exclusively European studies to establish the relationship between personal naphthalene exposure and total PAH exposures. The Effect of External Magnetic Fields on the Catalytic Activity of Pd Nanoparticles in Suzuki Cross-Coupling Reactions. Sources and patterns of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollution in kitchen air, China. Sadeghi, A.; Hassanzadeh, H.; Harding, T.G. Radiolytic studies of naphthalene in the presence of water De Coensel N, Desmet K, Sandra P, Gorecki T. Domestic sampling: Exposure assessment to moth repellent products using ultrasonic extraction and capillary GC-MS. Wilke O, Jann O, Brdner D. VOC- and SVOC-emissions from adhesives, floor coverings and complete floor structures. Assessment of skin absorption and penetration of JP-8 jet fuel and its components. future research directions and describes possible research applications. Seasonal cycle of VOCs in apartments. Relating liquid fuel and headspace vapor composition for California reformulated gasoline samples containing ethanol. This difference, established by X-ray diffraction,[21] is consistent with the valence bond model in naphthalene and in particular, with the theorem of cross-conjugation. Environ Health Perspect. and S.P.R. If the tumor response in experimental animals is confirmed to be predictive of human health risk, these risks will be significant, especially given the millions of individuals exposed. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in residential air of ten Chicago area homes: Concentrations and influencing factors. Large gaps exist regarding the availability of information on personal exposures, and no North American studies were identified. Price and Jayjock [5] have suggested that naphthalene seems to be included either as a VOC or PAH for sake of completeness but that the collected data were not thoroughly analyzed. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the indoor and outdoor air of three cities in the US. ChEBI: An ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbon that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro derivative of naphthalene. Many naphthalenesulfonic acids and sulfonates are useful. They confer poor quality on the oil such as low API gravity and high viscosity, and their environmental impact is reflected in downstream products such as diesel fuel. Occupational PAH exposures during prescribed pile burns. Fellin P, Otson R. Assessment of the influence of climatic factors on concentration levels of volatile organic compounds (Vocs) in Canadian homes. ; Wood, J. Inductive Heating Assisted-Catalytic Dehydrogenation of Tetralin as a Hydrogen Source for Downhole Catalytic Upgrading of Heavy Oil. 2019 Sep 1;160:238-248. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.081. Barro R, Regueiro J, Llompart M, Garcia-Jares C. Analysis of industrial contaminants in indoor air: Part 1. Reaction of 2-amino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1-benzoselenophene-3-carbonitrile with ethylenediamine in the presence of a catalytic amount of carbon disulfide afforded 2-amino-3-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1-benzoselenophene. In southern California, average naphthalene concentrations ranged from 0.06 to 0.27 g m3 in two rural communities [91]. Still, we identified 20 recent indoor studies and 21 recent outdoor studies, which were used to derive representative ranges of concentrations applicable to residences and urban settings. Based on this review we suggest that the role of hydrogen peroxide in interstellar ices should be further investigated. From the 1960s until the 1990s, significant amounts of naphthalene were also produced from heavy petroleum fractions during petroleum refining, but present-day production is mainly from coal tar. White DH, Hardy JW. Clearly, it is important to differentiate studies using monitoring sites designed to reflect urban population exposure from those designed to capture hotspots due to industry or traffic, as well as studies intended to characterize background and remote conditions. 8600 Rockville Pike The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Naphthalene emissions from moth repellents or toilet deodorant blocks determined using head-space and small-chamber tests. Holcomb LC, Seabrook BS. The naphthalene state of the science symposium: Objectives, organization, structure, and charge. Three of these metabolites were identified by comparison with the following standards: 2-naphthoic acid (2-NA), 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthoic acid, and decahydro-2-naphthoic acid. Zhu LZ, Wang J. Varsano, F.; Bellusci, M.; Provini, A.; Petrecca, M. NiCo as catalyst for magnetically induced dry reforming of methane. Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for 2008 Jul 7;129(1):014709 PLoS One. Catalysts 2020, 10, 497. Petroleum-derived naphthalene is usually purer than that derived from coal tar. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014072. The single largest use of naphthalene is the production of phthalic anhydride, which is an intermediate used to make plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride, and to make alkyd resin polymers used in paints and varnishes. Li CS, Ro YS. The extent of hydrogenation and dehydrogenation increases over the first 100 min before reaching steady state, which is due to catalyst start-up effects. This seems reasonable given that individuals spend minimal amounts of time in a closet or bathroom where mothballs, deodorizers and air fresheners might be used, while monitoring in nearby rooms might end up with high concentrations, and since individuals are outdoors or in other environments where levels are low. Miller L, Xu XH, Luginaah I. Spatial Variability of Volatile Organic Compound Concentrations in Sarnia, Ontario, Canada. Jo WK, Lee JH, Lim HJ, Jeong WS. We also thank the reviewers for their comments and suggestions. Factors affecting indoor concentrations, including the causes of the highest levels, are not well understood, and populations at risk of high of exposure presently cannot be identified. Baldasano JM, Guereca LP, Lopez E, Gasso S, Jimenez-Guerrero P. Development of a high-resolution (1 km x 1 km, 1 h) emission model for Spain: The High-Elective Resolution Modelling Emission System (HERMES). Before Bacterial metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: strategies for bioremediation. Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website. solutions to form dihydro, tetrahydro, hexahydro or octahydro derivatives.1a,e,7 In a similar Anaerobic Microbial Degradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A Comprehensive Review. The reaction of C60 with anthracene is conveniently conducted in refluxing naphthalene to give the 1:1 DielsAlder adduct. ; Frandsen, C.; Bendix, J.; Mortensen, P.M. Dual-Function CobaltNickel Nanoparticles Tailored for High-Temperature Induction-Heated Steam Methane Reforming. Occasionally, rural areas experience locally elevated concentrations due to open burning of crop residues and possibly other materials, as shown in an agricultural county in Taiwan where naphthalene levels increased by 1.3 to 2.6 times to 0.38 to 0.44 g m3 during the burning period [93]. Some naphthalenesulfonate polymers are superplasticizers used for the production of high strength concrete. Price PS, Jayjock MA. Emissions of organic air toxics from open burning: a comprehensive review. In-situ hydrogenation of aromatic compounds for heavy oil upgrading. Schauer JJ, Kleeman MJ, Cass GR, Simoneit BRT. An official website of the United States government. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. FOIA Jia CR, DSouza J, Batterman S. Distributions of personal VOC exposures: A population-based analysis. Liu YJ, Zhu LZ, Shen XY. : 6134-55-. Aggregate exposures of nine preschool children to persistent organic pollutants at day care and at home. Description SDS . Existing exposure data are limited, and monitoring surveillance should be improved. Such multi-study comparisons cannot identify trends occurring at specific sites, which are best examined using long-term monitoring at the same sites, consistent methods, and sampling strategies that account for diurnal and seasonal variation. Hence, it is essential to evaluate qualitatively and quantitatively the roles of hydrogen using model compounds that mimic the polycyclic aromatic compounds found in heavy oil. McCarthy MC, Hafner HR, Chinkin LR, Charrier JG. The experiment was initiated by starting the HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) pump once the desired reaction temperatures and hydrogen pressure had been achieved. PAH emission from the open burning of agricultural debris. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (, air quality, ambient air, exposure, indoor air, naphthalene, personal exposure, residences, risk, volatile organic compound. Performances of the Radiello diffusive sampler for BTEX measurements: Influence of environmental conditions and determination of modelled sampling rates. The rate of naphthalene hydrogenation is higher than that of tetralin. Cooper DA. Atkinson R, Arey J. Atmospheric chemistry of gas-phase polycyclic aromatic-hydrocarbonsformation of atmospheric mutagens. Available online: Eiguren-Fernandez A, Miguel AH, Froines JR, Thurairatnam S, Avol EL. Development of WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality. We noted a number of important information gaps and research needs. of H) Equation (1) and (Ext. At 700, tetralin yields tars that contain appreciable quantities of 3,4-benzopyrene (172a). articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly The kinetic data from the fixed-bed inductive heated catalytic with steel balls were evaluated with a first-order reaction rate on the assumption of plug flow. US Patent, No. Five studies have reported higher average indoor concentrations: one study of mostly smoking homes [104]; one including homes receiving occupant complaints [105]; and three more representative studies [107,113,115]. Srivastava A, Joseph AE, Devotta S. Volatile organic compounds in ambient air of MumbaiIndia. government site. Previously we had determined that carboxylation is an initial step for anaerobic metabolism of naphthalene, but no other intermediate metabolites were identified (Zhang & Young 1997). The partial list of naphthalene derivatives includes the following compounds: Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Wilson NK, Chuang JC, Lyu C, Menton R, Morgan MK. Careers. Sulfonation gives the "alpha" product naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid as the kinetic product but naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid as the thermodynamic product. The point group symmetry of naphthalene is D2h. Jenkins BM, Jones AD, Turn SQ, Williams RB. 10th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate (Indoor Air 2005). On heating this product in the presence of conc. Annweiler E, Michaelis W, Meckenstock RU. positive feedback from the reviewers. ; Boldor, D. Ex-situ up-conversion of biomass pyrolysis bio-oil vapors using Pt/Al. We did not observe a decline in indoor concentrations over the past 10 to 15 years, in contrast to trends seen for other VOCs and PAHs, however, outdoor measurements did appear to decline. 9,169,448 B2, 27 October 2015. Available online: US EPA National Emissions Inventory (NEI). Anaerobic naphthalene degradation by a sulfate-reducing enrichment culture. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Two aromatic rings joined are known as naphthalene. Available online: Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency Pollutant Release & Transfer Register. ; Wood, J.; Rigby, S.P. While used, the method has been only partially validated [152]. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Electrical Heating of Oil Reservoirs: Numerical Simulation and Field Test Results. Robinson MS, Anthony TR, Littau SR, Herckes P, Nelson X, Poplin GS, Burgess JL. Front Microbiol. Suttisawat, Y.; Sakai, H.; Abe, M.; Rangsunvigit, P.; Horikoshi, S. Microwave effect in the dehydrogenation of tetralin and decalin with a fixed-bed reactor. Better information regarding product usage patterns, emission rates of consumer products, building materials, and other sources of naphthalene is needed, as are long term measurements. 1997 Jun;27(1-3):23-51 Other fumigant uses of naphthalene include use in soil as a fumigant pesticide, in attic spaces to repel insects and animals such as opossums,[29] and in museum storage-drawers and cupboards to protect the contents from attack by insect pests. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposures of children in low-income families. Accessibility Formation and lifetime of polycyclic aromatic compounds during a national-scale transient pollution episode. Emission factors for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from biomass burning. We have limited confidence in the upper range of concentration measurements, e.g., our recent work has shown several homes in Detroit with naphthalene concentrations far above any listed in Table 4 (unpublished data). Zhang Z, Guo B, Zhang JS. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). These 1,8-dilithio derivatives are precursors to a host of peri-naphthalene derivatives.[26]. Outdoor concentrations form a floor for indoor concentrations, i.e., they represent the level in residences that do not contain naphthalene-containing products. [25], Hydrogenation of naphthalene gives tetrahydronaphthalene (tetralin) and decahydronaphthalene (decalin), which are used as low-volatility solvents. [15] As an aromatic hydrocarbon, naphthalene's structure consists of a fused pair of benzene rings. Personal exposure to naphthalene have been reported in only three European studies (Table 6). While . Identical ring cleavage products during anaerobic degradation of naphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, and tetralin indicate a new metabolic pathway. Naphthalene is an organic compound with formula C10H8. However, it also appears that upon irradiation of naphthalene in liquid water, hydrogen peroxide, a species that accelerates naphthalene degradation, is formed. Seasonal and long-term trends in atmospheric PAH concentrations: Evidence and implications. 2020; 10(5):497. The asymmetric hydrogenation of 1,1,4,4,7-pentamethyl-2-methylen-1,2,3 Appl Environ Microbiol. US EPA Summary of Results for the 2002 National-Scale Assessment. HSDB Hazardous Substances Data BankNaphthalene. J Phys Chem Lett. The Determination of Chronic Reference Exposure Levels for Airborne Toxicants. Khalili NR, Scheff PA, Holsen TM. DiDonato RJ Jr, Young ND, Butler JE, Chin KJ, Hixson KK, Mouser P, Lipton MS, DeBoy R, Meth BA. Conceptualization, J.W. This affirms the use of tetralin as a hydrogen-donor solvent in the catalytic upgrading of heavy oil. Naphthalene can be hydrogenated under high pressure in the presence of metal catalysts to give 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene(C10H12), also known as tetralin. A New, Safe and Convenient Procedure for Reduction of Naphthalene and https://oilprice.com/Energy/Crude-Oil/How-Much-Crude-Oil-Has-The-World-Really-Consumed.html, https://www.knotia.ca/kstore/productinfo/fric08/PDFs/Petrobank%20Energy%20and%20Resources%20Ltd.%20AR_2007.pdf, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Jha, A.C.K.N. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, For purpose of the standard IUPAC nomenclature of derived compounds, those eight atoms are numbered 1 through 8 in sequence around the perimeter of the molecule, starting with a carbon atom adjacent to a shared one. 8600 Rockville Pike From our review it appears that OH radicals are formed both in liquid water and in interstellar ices and that these radicals play a considerable role in the degradation of naphthalene. MDPI and/or HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Lewis AC, Bartle KD, Pilling MJ. Meckenstock RU, Annweiler E, Michaelis W, Richnow HH, Schink B. Appl Environ Microbiol. [0056] In order to test the thermal degradation of low pressure heat transfer fluids, the following fluids were degraded at 675 F., for 500 hrs: 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro(1-phenylethyl)naphthalene(ST-THN), partially hydrogenated terphenyl, dibenzyltoluene, and a 50/50 blend of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro(1-phenylethyl)-naphthalene) and diisopropylbiphenyl . J. Indoor Air Qual. Using the draft URE [18], cancer risks will increase 3-fold and typical risk levels will approach or fall into the 104 range, while peak measurements, if reflective of chronic exposure, represent cancer risks in the 103 or possibly even higher range. Analogous to the synthesis of phenyllithium is the conversion of 1-bromonaphthalene to 1-lithionaphthalene, by lithiumhalogen exchange: The resulting lithionaphthalene undergoes a second lithiation, in contrast to the behavior of phenyllithium. [30] The aromatization of hydroporphyrins has been achieved using a solution of DDQ in naphthalene.[31]. Lai CH, Chen KS, Wang HK. Shah JJ, Singh HB. 2011 August; 8(8): 3191, http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0436.htm#refinhal/, http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/nata2002/risksum.html, http://www.cdc.gov/noes/noes1/49600sic.html/, http://www.epa.gov/triexplorer/chemical.htm/, http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eiinformation.html/, http://www.ec.gc.ca/pdb/websol/querysite/query_e.cfm/, http://www.emissieregistratie.nl/ERPUBLIEK/erpub/selectie/criteria.aspx/, http://www.sepa.org.uk/air/process_industry_regulation/pollutant_release_inventory.aspx/, http://www.bafu.admin.ch/chemikalien/prtr/index.html?lang=en/, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA), California, Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ), Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Catalyst-equipped gasoline-powered vehicle, Non-catalyst-equipped gasoline-powered vehicle, Outside of 51 high school students homes, San Dimas, Upland, Mira Loma, Riverside, CA. Thermal fluid blends containing 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro (1-phenylethyl High-Pressure Hydrogenation of Naphthalene Using a Reduced Iron Catalyst. The presence of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-NA as a metabolite of naphthalene degradation indicates that the first reduction reaction occurs at the unsubstituted ring, rather than the carboxylated ring. Naphthalene has been used as a fumigant. The apparent activation energy obtained was 16.3 kJ/mol. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Ranking cancer risks of organic hazardous air pollutants in the United States. The site is secure. Indoor characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban atmosphere of Taipei. Ring opening of hydrocarbons for diesel and aromatics production: Design of heterogeneous catalytic systems. The focus is to explore complex heavy oil upgrading using NiMo/Al, The possibility of generating thermal energy inside the reactor has been a subject of research in the field of catalysis. Kostiainen R. Volatile organic compounds in the indoor air of normal and sick houses. [38] A probable mechanism for the carcinogenic effects of mothballs and some types of air fresheners containing naphthalene has been identified. In a multi-community monitoring program in Southern California, naphthalene concentrations varied from 0.06 g m3 in a community with light traffic to 0.58 g m3 in a community traversed by 200,000 vehicles day1 [91].

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