confederation the canadian encyclopedia
Bailey, Alfred G. "The basis and persistence of opposition to confederation in New Brunswick. In Canada, the term Confederation refers to the union of the three British North American colonies of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Canada to become the Dominion of Canada on July 1, 1867. The 36 men traditionally regarded as the Fathers of Confederation were those who represented British North American colonies at one or more of the conferences that lead to Confederation on 1 July 1867. A semblance of balance was reached between these two ideas. Newfoundland and Labrador, province of Canada composed of the island of Newfoundland and a larger mainland sector, Labrador, to the northwest. The London Conference (December 1866 to February 1867), was the final stage of translating the 72 Resolutions of 1864 into legislation. Sir George-tienne Cartier was a key driving force who insisted on certain essential provincial rights. Signing up enhances your TCE experience with the ability to save items to your personal reading list, and access the interactive map. the hostess for viceregal social occasions, including the ball held during the Quebec Conference of 1864. The term Confederation also stands for 1 July 1867, the date of the creation of the Dominion. By 1864, four short-lived governments had fought to stay in power in the Province of Canada. Hector Langevin and Alexander Galt. [89], After the initial BNA Act in 1867, Manitoba was established by an act of the Canadian Parliament on July 15, 1870, originally as an area of land much smaller than the current province. This was important, as the memory of the Nunavut and Confederation; Comprehensive Land Claims: Modern Treaties.). The first referendum was inconclusive, as the responsible government group won but did not receive a clear majority. The request was channelled through the Governor-General, Monck, to London and accepted by the Colonial Office. They saw the war as partly the result of a weak central government in the US. The Cadison Encyclopedia Educators From the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online. (See also: Quebec Conference of 1864; Constitutional History.). One of the most important purposes of the Charlottetown Conference was the introduction of Canadians to the leaders from the Maritime Provinces and vice versa. Below is a list of Canadian provinces and territories in the order in which they entered Confederation; territories are italicized. The call for a federation of BNA colonies was first issued by Amor de Cosmos. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. 2.1 British Colonial Rule 2.2 Northwest Changes 2.3 Confederation Resources for Cluster 2: 2.1 British Colonial Rule Nation to Nation: Honouring the Royal Proclamation of 1763 RMR: Rick and the War of 1812 What was the Royal Proclamation? From the website for the Parliament of Canada. It was received with polite indifference.. Today, it is Canadas major daily newspaper, the Globe and Mail. Traditionally, historians regarded Canadian Confederation an exercise in political pragmatism that was essentially non-ideological. Most of the promises in these treaties went unfulfilled. They travelled aboard the Canadian government steamer SS Queen Victoria. July 1 is now celebrated as a public holiday, Canada Day, the country's official National Day. The resolutions also included specific financial commitments. Since the agenda for the meeting had already been set, the delegation from the Province of Canada was initially not an official part of the Conference. Par Historica Canada. [28][29][30], There is extensive scholarly debate on the role of political ideas in Canadian Confederation. Confederation refers to the process of federal union in which the British North American colonies of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and the Province of Canada joined together to form the Dominion of Canada. Canadian Confederation | Canadian history | Britannica Edward replied, "nothing can be better arranged than the whole thing is, or more perfectly", going on to suggest a unified Canada consisting of two provincesone formed from Upper and Lower Canada and the other from the Maritime colonieseach with a lieutenant governor and executive council, one located in Montreal and the other in either Annapolis Royal or Windsor. of seats.) The term confederation has entered into Canadian parlance both as a metaphor for the country and for the historical events that created it. Corrections? Their capital would once more be Quebec City. They were, as one commentator notes, allies in building the nation. The sources these women left behindletters (Anne Nelson Brown), diaries (Mercy Coles), biographies (Lady Agnes Macdonald)added perspective on how decisions were made. They were deliberately different from the revolutionary tone of the American Constitution, which had been drafted a century earlier. chamber. [35], In 1987, political scientist PeterJ. Smith challenged the view Canadian Confederation was non-ideological. George Brown played an instrumental role in establishing Confederation. De Historica du Canada. There would be an elected House of Commons based on representation by population, and an appointed Senate. Some Maritime delegates declared that the building of a rail line was a precondition of their joining Canada. The colonies recognized they needed to improve communications and grow economically. In the following speech, delivered before the legislature of the Province of Canada on 8 February 1865, Brown explains his reasons for supporting Confederation. Confederation | The Canadian Encyclopedia | Canada Articles Of George Brown played an instrumental role in establishing Confederation. Macdonald, speaking in 1865 about the proposals for the upcoming Confederation of Canada, said: By adhering to the monarchical principle we avoid one defect inherent in the Constitution of the United States. These included the construction by the new federal government of the Intercolonial Railway from Quebec to the Maritimes. The Fathers of ConfederationA painting of the distinguished Fathers of Confederation. (See also: Potlatch Ban; Residential Schools; Par le Dictionnaire biographique du Canada en ligne. Now known as the London Resolutions, the conference's decisions were forwarded to the Colonial Office. Beginning in 1864, colonial politicians (now known as the Fathers of Confederation) met and negotiated the terms of Confederation at conferences in Charlottetown, Quebec City and London, England. [73][74][75] Macdonald had spoken of "founding a great British monarchy" and wanted the newly created country to be called the "Kingdom of Canada". The 36 men traditionally regarded as the Fathers of Confederation were those who represented British North American colonies at one or more of the conferences t. [38], In 2008, historian Andrew Smith advanced a very different view of Confederation's ideological origins. The widely read Globe was a vigorous force in Upper Canada politics in the 1850s. This inspired ideas about the need for a strong central government among the BNA colonies. The Canadians were invited to submit their own proposals for a union Upper and Lower Canada They were governed by a single legislature as the White, Walter Leroy, and W. C. Soderlund. Mercy Coles diary, Reminiscences of Canada in 1864, is one of the most detailed sources about the events that preceded Confederation. Please select which sections you would like to print: Mario Nathan Coschi, holder of a SSHRC Doctoral award, is a Ph.D. candidate at McMaster University studying the history of German immigrants in Kitchener-Waterloo. [11], The first English attempt at settlement on that part of the continent that would become modern Canada had been in Newfoundland which would not join Confederation until 1949. . The Canadian Resolutions outlined the concept of federalism. The following article is an editorial written by The Canadian Encyclopedia staff. After the Conference adjourned on September 9, there were further meetings between delegates held at Halifax, Saint John, and Fredericton. In December 1866, sixteen delegates from the Province of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia travelled to London, where the Earl of Carnarvon presented each to Queen Victoria in private audience,[64] as well as holding court for their wives and daughters. information card Interactive 1812 Graphic Novel Rick Mercer & The War of 1812 Crash Course History: War of 1812 [8] The term is also used to divide Canadian history into pre-Confederation (i.e. The proposal was received by the London authorities with polite indifference. The conference was noteworthy for the lavish banquets and balls that accompanied the actual discussions. were renamed Canada West and Canada East, respectively. of speech, and was also a champion of responsible government. Once the Province of Canada announced an interest in attending such a meeting, the Maritime governments began to organize. Of all the proposed changes, Confederation was the least undesirable for French Canadians. The act also granted Mtis title to their lands along the Red and Assiniboine rivers with another 1.4 million acres for their descendants and guaranteed French and Catholic linguistic and religious rights. wife of Sir John A. Macdonald. By 1867, they had the necessary support of the The Yukon territory was created in 1898 and the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan in 1905. (See alsoCanada Day.) to the Colonial Office in England. As leader of the Clear Grits (forerunner of the Liberal Party) in Canada West, he set aside political differences and allied with his Conservative rivals John A. Macdonald and George-tienne Cartier in 1864, with whom he pitched Confederation to the Atlantic . [42] After several years of legislative paralysis in the Province of Canada caused by the need to maintain a double legislative majority (a majority of both the Canada East and Canada West delegates in the Province of Canada's legislature), Macdonald had led his Liberal-Conservative Party into the Great Coalition with Cartier's Parti bleu and George Brown's Clear Grits. ), The Province of Canada was growing more prosperous and populous. [56] For the Reformers of Canada West, led by George Brown, the end of what they perceived as French-Canadian interference in local affairs was in sight. Riel was denied amnesty for leading the uprising, and he fled to the United States. In Waite's view, Confederation was driven by pragmatic brokerage politics and competing interest groups. [10] Nova Scotia was granted in 1621 to Sir William Alexander under charter by James I. residual jurisdiction left to a central authority; a bicameral system including a Lower House with representation by population (rep by pop) and an Upper House with representation based on regional, rather than provincial, equality; responsible government at the federal and provincial levels; assumption of provincial debt by the central government; revenues from the central government apportioned to the provinces on the basis of population; the building of an intercolonial railway to link Montreal and Halifax, giving Canada access to an ice-free winter port and the Maritimes easy access to Canada and, Careless, J.M.C.
Delaware Electrical License Reciprocity,
How To Stop Thule Roof Bars Whistling,
Articles C