post doc positions in plasma gasification
The plasma gasification technology is the most beneficial and efficient technology for treating biomedical waste. The WHO has mandated incineration for the disposal of PPE and other infectious waste made from plastics [50]. COVID-19 pandemic reported 356 million cases globally with a staggering rise in biomedical waste. They have obtained a maximum yield at a temperature less than 1600 K. A thermodynamic analysis conducted on the treatment of BMW in a plasma gasifier [22] has yielded syngas of the lower heating value 13 MJ/kg. The Government of India notified the new Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules on March 28, 2016, in compliance with Aarhus and Stockholm Convention. Benson NU, Bassey DE, Palanisami T. COVID pollution: impact of COVID-19 pandemic on global plastic waste footprint. The heat of combustion for synthesis gas produced in these two mediums is 3510 kJ/kg and 5664 kJ/kg, respectively. Environment and Earth Science. Plasma gasification technology provides a feasible and environment-friendly solution for biomedical waste treatment [21, 22]. The safety and precaution measures have led to the generation of a colossal pile of biomedical waste, including plastic waste, due to the usage of personal protective equipment kits and safety equipment that is not easily manageable. 31:311334. Trends of syngas as a fuel in internal combustion engines. Municipal solid waste plasma processing: thermodynamic computation and experiment. The results indicate that various gasification characteristics like cold gas efficiency, synthesis gas composition, and heating value were better for plasma gasification than entrained flow gasification [82]. The system resistance plays an essential role in raising plasma temperature [26]. (PDF) Plasma Aided Gasification of Biomass and Plastics - ResearchGate However, a comprehensive study after the COVID-19 pandemic to explore the applicability of plasma gasification depicting all the aspects is needed, which has been explored in this work. Plasma arc gasification (PAG) | Britannica Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. The modified model was applied as a case study for a plasma gasification plant of 750 tons per day in Greece. The survivability of coronavirus on the plastic surface is 6.8 h as against the paper, where it is just 3 h. Other surfaces like cloth (2 days) and stainless steel (5.6 h) show a great degree of variation depending upon several factors [49, 50]. The plasma generation is initiated once the ionization reaches a threshold limit. Indrawan et al. The average bulk density was found to be 100200 kg per cubic meter [65]. Zamri AA, Ong MY, Nomanbhay S, Show PL. Processing of biomedical waste in plasma gasifier. [14] have studied the cost of medical waste disposal in India and found that it can vary from Rs. The world has seen the emergence of a new strain of coronavirus emerging from Hubei Province, China. The gasification technology has a promising aspect as it can be helpful in waste management, reducing GHG emissions and providing energy security. Dr. Cui has a joint position as a tenure-track Assistant Professor in the Department of Genetics at Harvard Medical School and . With every ton of solid waste fed into the plasma gasifier, 900 kWh of electricity can be produced [97]. A review on plasma gasification for solid waste disposal The COVID-19 pandemic has severely affected waste management principles and supply chains globally. Postdoctoral Positon in Reaction Engineering & Catalysis The different standards and design can be standardized to develop a low-cost alternative to the Indian perspective. The infectious nature of medical waste makes it difficult to handle. Shredder. This issue becomes even more interesting if such processing leads to a source of hydrogen or syngas for fuel production. [23]. South Korea has reported an increase of 92.5% and 44.5% in online food orders and daily necessities. . It poses to the environment and people. Corburn et al. Plasma gasification Plasma gasification converts the organic waste matter into syngas (primarily H 2 and CO), and the inorganic and metal waste matter into slag. In addition, open PostDoc and scientific positions are advertised on ourcareer page. Several others like Massachusetts and New Hampshire in the USA have either reintroduced it or banned reusable amid COVID-19 concerns [61]. An online shopping firm, Amazon e-commerce services, has 26% year-on-year sales in their first quarter [50]. Ramos A, Berzosa J, Esp J, Clarens F, Rouboa A. This position also requires excellent oral and written communication skills in English. Chemistry and Biochemistry. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Test flare is provided to check the combustibility of syngas. Rural communities in the UK saw a rise of 300% in waste [18]. The real-time data can be assessed by utilizing the setup with general hospital waste on the field. Zhovtyansky and Valinius [96] have done an extensive study on plasma gasification of waste and concluded it to be a commercially viable alternative based on the ecological benefits it possesses and the total energy efficiency of the system. The gas gets ionized with the flow of heavy electricity in between the two electrodes. Sharma Kapil D, Jain S. Overview of municipal solid waste generation, composition, and management in India. A theoretical study on municipal solid waste plasma gasification. The effect of utilizing plasma gasification can be studied for inactivation and residence time of microorganisms. The biomedical waste treatment requires special handling, transportation, and safe disposal strategies. Mahanwar PA, Bhatnagar MP. Fig.11. Pan X, Yan J, Xie Z. Detoxifying PCDD/Fs and heavy metals in fly ash from medical waste incinerators with a DC double arc plasma torch. Paulino RFS, Essiptchouk AM, Costa LPC, Silveira JL. The plasma gasification technology for biomedical waste treatment is quite beneficial as it provides a clean output of syngas, less toxic emissions, slight char, and tar, and can disintegrate almost any medical compound present in the waste. Cai X, Du C (2020) Thermal plasma treatment of medical waste. India has recorded a rise of 200 tons per day of biomedical waste generation due to pandemics. India is catching pretty fast, considering the urbanization of its population due to fast economic growth. 8. Production and utilization of renewable and sustainable gaseous fuel for power generation applications: a review of literature. The spread of the virus is so alarming that almost every country in this world is affected, with more than 5.6 million reported deaths. Waste Biomass Valorization. The Southeast Asian countries show a similar trend, with almost 56% of units lacking standard disposal mechanisms [39]. The hazardous nature of biomedical waste should be considered while selecting a reliable and authentic waste treatment method. COVID-19 is the third one in the series that emerged in 2019 [2]. Favas J, Monteiro E, Rouboa A. Hydrogen production using plasma gasification with steam injection. An Analysis of Plasma Gasification for Landfill Reduction Radioactive waste originating from cancer treatment; cytotoxic waste; microbiological cultures; used syringes, blades, instruments, and lancets; and non-hazardous or general waste like food items, glass, and ceramics are incorporated in medical waste. The waste decomposition proceeds at a very high rate in the limited oxygen supply due to the high temperature involved in the process. Thirty-two percent of healthcare units dump their waste in dustbins provided by urban bodies [66]. Indias per capita MSW generation varies between 0.17 and 0.62 kg per person per day for small towns and big cities, respectively [9]. (2020) COVID-19 pandemic repercussions on the use and management of plastics. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Plasma, referred to as the "fourth state of matter," is a very high temperature, highly ionized (electrically charged) gas capable of conducting electrical current. 92 postdoctoral position plasma physics jobs available. Precautions against diseases like AIDS, hepatitis, and Ebola also significantly increase the number of plastics in medical waste. Plasma gasification technology provides a viable alternative for its treatment. The plasma torches situated inside the reactor shell are like a tubular setup that produces an electric arc. Hantoko D, Li X, Pariatamby A, Yoshikawa K, Horttanainen M, Yan M. Challenges and practices on waste management and disposal during COVID-19 pandemic. The rapid increase in population and ever-increasing zeal of humankind to get more acculturate in an urban environment has put more pressure on the available natural resources throughout the world. Search Postdoctoral Positions. where L and j denote the Lagrange function and Lagrange multiplier in the equation, respectively, and aij is the atoms of jth element in a mole of ith species. The authors declare no competing interests. Eq. A postdoc position is available in the lab of Dr. Miao Cui (miao-cui.com) in Boston Children's Hospital at Harvard Medical School to study genomic control mechanisms of heart regeneration and pathological remodeling. Test flame. Numerical investigations were carried out for gasification of medical waste in plasma reactor at different equivalence ratio values. Conclusion. During your PostDoc phase you can expect exciting tasks and projects in an international scientific environment. COVID-19 pandemic has increased the percentage of plastics and polymers in waste due to heavy usage of PPE kits, face shield, gown, gloves, masks, disposable bags, and other safety harnesses. Sangkham S. Face mask and medical waste disposal during the novel COVID-19 pandemic in Asia. Ganguly RK, Chakraborty SK. The composition of medical waste in Indian scenario is shown in Fig. [79] have suggested that plasma gasification is most favorable for syngas production at high temperatures. 10.4103/ijmm.IJMM [. Indrawan et al. Zitouni-Petrogianni and Voutsas [80] have modified a mathematical model based on gasification to include the thermodynamic analysis in the model. The feasibility and applicability of the technology in handling biomedical waste have been reviewed via various research articles in this study. Hence, it is an encouraging route for onsite and offsite . Waste to hydrogen: Plasma gasification | Alicat Scientific Benson et al. The WHO and UNEP have shown concerns for its management and issued various guidelines for its safe disposal. The results allow for concluding that plasma gasification has high financial costs and there is a great difficulty in reducing the expenses, despite the products generated during the process. Postdoctoral position in Water management for anion exchange membrane fuel cells The Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences (M2) conducts A temperature as high as 5500 C is generated inside the reactor shells, mainly depending on the power source. Energy Fuel. Although the technology is sometimes confused with incinerating or burning trash, plasma gasification does not combust the waste as incinerators do. Urban population and economic growth: South Asia perspective. Capoor MR, Bhowmik KT (2017) Current perspectives on biomedical waste management: rules, conventions and treatment technologies. It reached a value of 435.3 tons per day in 2015, translating approximately to 0.52 kg of waste per bed per day [13]. (2020) Global Health-care Waste Project, Pullishery F, Panchmal GS, Siddique S. (2016) Awareness, knowledge and practices on bio-medical waste management among health care professionals in Mangalore - a cross sectional study. Economic analysis over 20 years provided lower or similar costs for plasma gasification compared to incineration. (2020) Medical plastics waste. Pharmaceutical ingredients are also destroyed in the process with no traces left [25]. Messerle et al. During recent years of development, plasma gasification of biomedical waste emerged as a promising technology for the treatment of BMW [23, 7174]. The survival of coronavirus saw a large-scale variation of 2 h to 9 days. The model validation has been carried out with experimental data from the literature, reaching an average relative . 10.1007/s11356-021-14214-9. Janajreh I, Adeyemi I, Raza SS, Ghenai C. A review of recent developments and future prospects in gasification systems and their modeling. India is ranked fifth in the list of countries with an overall waste generation of approximately 0.12 million tons per day in 2016 and is set to increase by 5% every year [8]. You can expect an employment contract according to the TVD, initially limited to two years, and remuneration according to salary group 13. Joshi R, Ahmed S. Status and challenges of municipal solid waste management in India: a review. Municipal bodies in India have poor budgetary and technical support and lack adequate infrastructure for sustainable waste disposal. The annual cash flow was studied and found that plasma gasification is feasible for a life span of 20 years. The hydrogen production is significantly higher with plasma gasification than plasma gasification coupled with chemical looping [83]. New postdoctoral position plasma physics careers are added daily on SimplyHired.com. Hygiene and preventive concerns have led to a significant increase in demand for food packaging. Plasma gasification process: modeling, simulation and comparison with conventional air gasification. Process. (3) denotes the equilibrium equations for each specific species of the system. to upwards of 700C in a chamber or series of chambers. The plasma torches are set up in the reactor shell at different positions depending on the size of the reactor shell. The number of cases has been reported to be 356 million worldwide as per data accessed within the WHO database on January 27, 2022. Recycling of organic waste is an increasingly hot topic in recent years. The Fischer-Tropsch process is used to convert syngas to liquid fuel. The most promising use of fuel is its utilization as an energy source [89]. The efficiency of an internal combustion engine coupled with a plasma gasifier comes out to be 78.58%. 7.7 per bed per day to Rs. (2020) Approaches for prevention and environmental management of novel COVID-19. Plasma gasification is highly efficient in treating hazardous waste, with an efficiency of 99.9%. The syngas can be utilized for gas turbine operation or as an input to fuel cells for electricity production. Southeast Asia reported more than 50 million cases, with a massive chunk of cases coming from India, with 40 million reported to date [46]. Bates RP, Dlle K. Syngas use in internal combustion engines - a review. The plasma gasification technology is the most beneficial and efficient technology for treating biomedical waste. These types of wastes are segregated with other general waste and are mostly treated without any procedure like municipal solid waste treatment. Taghipour H, Mohammadyarei T, Asghari Jafarabadi M, Asl HA. India generated around 619 tons per day of medical waste in 2019, as per data available from the Government of India. Municipal solid waste: generation, composition and GHG emissions in Bangalore, India. The experiment successfully led to full-scale commercial plants in various countries. The hydrogen is produced by utilizing microalgae in a plasma gasifier. A similar study for people in Italy has estimated a need of 1 billion face masks and 0.5 billion gloves monthly [16, 61]. It has increased food and packing waste, including single-use plastics and paper packaging [59]. Valve. We host, manage, and operate SULTAN, the . This arc breaks down waste primarily into elemental gas and solid waste (slag), in a device called a plasma converter. Plasma gasification of the medical waste. - Abstract - Europe PMC Both sectors show 100% compliance at the secondary level [45]. Chan JF, Yuan S, Kok K, To KK, Chu H, Yang J, et al. Kalogiannidou K, Nikolakopoulou E, Komilis D. Generation and composition of waste from medical histopathology laboratories. Vanapalli KR, Sharma HB, Ranjan VP, Samal B, Bhattacharya J, Dubey BK, et al. The UNEP has estimated an increase of 0.5 kg per bed per day of plastic medical waste generation amid the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide [16]. Most medicines cover use of single-use plastics, tablets, capsule covers, containers, and sample collectors. Generally, gasification works by heating up carbonaceous waste (wastes with carbon such as paper, plastics, word, etc.) Plasma gasification is based on re-forming of molecules after all molecules convert to smaller molecules or atoms at high temperatures. The above study has established the possibility of utilizing PG for biomedical waste disposal and hydrogen production. They are termed hazardous if they have one or more of the following listed properties: toxic, corrosive, flammable, reactive, explosive, and oxidizing. Biomedical waste also includes various anatomical waste like tissues of the body, blood samples, fluids of the human body, and pathological waste. Available post-doctoral positions SPC EPFL All these will lead to the accumulation of biomedical plastic waste in the environment. The schematic sketch depicting the overall process of waste to energy using plasma gasification is shown in Fig. Energy Recover. 10.1007/s12649-013-9201-7. Wang et al. In cryogenic pretreatment method, all types of medical wastes are passed through liquid nitrogen chamber and treating material becomes brittle, which is easy to crush and all types of material in medical waste are converted into the same particle size 100 to 600 m and crushed at a temperature of 80 C. Fig.77. (2) is solved for the values of ni for which the systems total Gibbs free energy is minimized. Plasma gasification of municipal solid waste for waste-to-value processing. The model prediction is confirmed with the process real-time data of the plant. A post-doctoral position in heterogeneous catalysis/materials processing is available at the University of Guelph in the laboratories of Prof. Marcel Schlaf and Prof. Emily Chiang.The research project aims at the use of Red Mud and other mining related iron-based & waste materials as (sacrificial) catalysts for the upgrading of pyrolysis bio-oil to usable fuels with potential synergistic value . The use of syngas from biomedical waste plasma gasification systems for electricity production in internal combustion: thermodynamic and economic issues. The region-wise distribution can be seen in Fig. Fig.22. Food order delivery from stores has shot up by almost 80% during this duration. The new rules are much broader and clarified regarding waste categorization introducing color-coding. Reverse logistics network design for medical waste management in the epidemic outbreak of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19). The potential energy recovered per kg of plastics is around 40 MJ/kg [17]. Physics and Mathematics. The lack of proper standards and return on investment are some of the concerns that hamper the technologys growth. 4. A study was conducted with a modified WHO tool to evaluate the waste management practices in Punjab, India. [54] have estimated the total weight of discarded facemask generated per day and found it to be 2331 tons per day for India, only assuming a weight of 3 g for each discarded facemask. The net energy transferred to the feedstock, Qi, is given by Eq. where Gt is Gibbs free energy of the system; ni and ntotal are the number of moles of species i and the total number of moles of all species in the syngas, respectively; R is the universal gas constant; and T is temperature. Slum health: arresting COVID-19 and improving well-being in urban informal settlements. Human beings compete with wildlife to get a more massive chunk and convert these available raw resources to suitable usage. Received 2021 Nov 17; Revised 2022 Jan 29; Accepted 2022 Feb 3. Plasma gasification has the advantage that its high temperature can destroy any active ingredient compounds, radicals, and harmful radioactive materials apart from the benefits of conventional gasification. Early career scientist wins prestigious Hungarian physics award University of Texas Health San Antonio, Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology. Knowledge, attitude, and practices of bio-medical Waste Management rules, 2016; Bio-medical Waste Management (amendment) rules, 2018; and Solid Waste Rules, 2016, among healthcare workers in a tertiary care setup. There has been a rapid increase in people residing in cities. Plasma arc gasification is a waste treatment technology that uses high electrical energy and high temperature created by an electrical arc gasifier. Zeng J, Yue Y, Gao Q, Zhang J, Zhou J, Pan Y. Co-treatment of hazardous wastes by the thermal plasma to produce an effective catalyst. Healthcare waste that is mostly general, i.e., food, paper, leather, cloth, cotton, gauge, and glass, which carries a shallow risk of spreading infection is termed as non-hazardous general waste. Further reductions in emission in the form of dioxins, benzopyrene, and furans are observed [87, 88]. Aspen Plus simulation for the above study has obtained an optimal value of steam-to-biomass ratio of 0.354 for raw microalgae [84]. After that, it enters the cyclone separator for the removal of particulates. Sarker S, Khan A, Mannan MM. Zitouni-Petrogianni A, Voutsas E. Modeling, optimization and cost analysis of municipal solid waste treatment with plasma gasification. In this work, the production of fuel gas is aimed by plasma gasification of municipal solid wastes in high temperatures. Gasification of municipal solid waste blends with biomass for energy production and resources recovery: current status, hybrid technologies and innovative prospects. This work will fulfill the quest of the scientific and research community to obtain structured information on PG of biomedical waste. Tavares et al. Prominent Southeast Asian cities also experienced a rise from 154 to 280 tons per day. where h is the convective heat transfer coefficient between plasma and feedstock, A is the surface area of the plasma interaction with feedstock, Tsf is the feedstock surface temperature, Tw is the wall temperature of the reactor shell, is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, and is the emissivity of the feedstock. FOIA Being a flexible technology, it can handle almost any kind of medical waste easily, and volume reduction post-processing of medical waste is seen to be 95%. A typical unit has a waste feeding system; chamber of waste processing; solid residues handing system, which also helps remove solid waste; synthesis gas management system; and monitoring and control [25]. 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Kurukshetra, Haryana, India, 2Environmental Science and Engineering Department, IIT, Bombay, India, 3School of Renewable Energy and Efficiency, NIT Kurukshetra, Haryana, India. The resultant product is synthesis gas, efficiently running compression ignition engines in various applications. The biomedical waste management market was set to reach $10.3 billion in 2018 for the USA itself, with a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.9% [15]. Rohit, Kaushal R, Dhaka AK. Increased mileage and reduced operation cost of running such engines have been observed by utilizing syngas [90]. You S, Sonne C, Ok YS (2020) COVID-19s unsustainable waste management. 8600 Rockville Pike Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. Tavares R, Ramos A, Rouboa A. Plasma gasification has been utilized in eradicating cytotoxic medicines, which also offer high resistance to decomposition. A significant change has been observed in medical composition in recent times. The survival time of the virus on the surface depends on the type of surfaces like plastics, wood, and metals; the temperature and relative humidity of surroundings; and the strain of the virus in circulation [46]. The main routes of coronavirus transmission are direct contact and respiratory droplets from the mouth. Science (80-) 368:1438 [, Sharma M, Kaushal R (2018:119) Advances and challenges in the generation of bio-based fuels using gasifiers: a comprehensive review. India is slowly proceeding towards a more urbanized society, and resulting waste generation in India is observing a rapid climb. A separate arrangement of plasma gasification in air and steam medium has been made with bone tissue, and the results obtained show that the concentration of syngas is not more than 54% and 85% (volume percent). [56] have estimated that around 3.4 billion face masks and PPE kits are discarded daily. A similar model was developed for municipal sludge to hydrogen conversion utilizing plasma gasification coupled with chemical looping. Chemical and radioactive wastes account for 5% [46]. Koukkari P, Pajarre R. Introducing mechanistic kinetics to the Lagrangian Gibbs energy calculation. Around 90% of MSW generated in India is either non-attended or disposed of very poorly in an unscientific way [10]. Bown CP. Environ Sci Pollut Res. You will acquire new skills and competencies through your work, but also through further education events and will be supported in your active career planning by theCareer Center for Postdocs. It can also be used as a method of high purity hydrogen production. (PDF) A Review on Plasma Gasification of Solid Residues: Recent Kalogiannidou et al. With their knowledge, their commitment and their creativity for new ideas and solutions, the more than 6,000 young scientists from around 125 countries make a significant contribution to the scientific excellence of the institutes of the Max Planck Society. This model was based on the model developed by Mountouris et al. Shredder provides for uniform particle size for proper heat dispensation inside the shell.
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