epigenetics in pregnancy ppt

epigenetics in pregnancy ppt

The signaling of insulin, IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor-1), and leptin receptors located at the maternalfetal interface promotes amino acid transporter activity in trophoblast cells, combining maternal nutritional state to placenta function and, consequently, invalidating the accessibility of nutrients diffusing into the fetal circulation [119]. WebAbstract Rapidly growing evidences link maternal lifestyle and prenatal factors with serious health consequences and diseases later in life. The .gov means its official. Even second-hand smoke exposure among non-smoking women may alter DNA methylation in regions involved in development, carcinogenesis, and neuronal functioning. Slider with three articles shown per slide. DNA methylation defects in spermatozoa of male partners from couples experiencing recurrent pregnancy loss. Luddi A, Pavone V, Semplici B, Governini L, Criscuoli M, Paccagnini E, Gentile M, Morgante G, Leo VD, Belmonte G, Zarovni N, Piomboni P. Organoids of human endometrium: a powerful in vitro model for the endometrium-embryo cross-talk at the implantation site. Other authors declare no conflicts of interest. Wang X, Li B, Wang J, Lei J, Liu C, Ma Y, Zhao H. Evidence that miR-133a causes recurrent spontaneous abortion by reducing HLA-G expression. Casati L, Sendra R, Sibilia V, Celotti F. Endocrine disrupters: the new players able to affect the epigenome. The answer is epigenetics, a rapidly growing area of science that focuses on the processes that help direct when individual genes are turned on or off. The precision and the timing of such processes are pivotal for avoiding developmental defects or embryonic lethality, as an incorrect establishment of the embryonic epigenome would cause a defective zygotic genome activation (ZGA). Gil-Ibez P, Bernal J, Morte B. Thyroid hormone regulation of gene expression in primary cerebrocortical cells: role of thyroid hormone receptor subtypes and interactions with retinoic acid and glucocorticoids. 2022 Sep 28;15(10):1203. doi: 10.3390/ph15101203. WebEpigenetic: Inherited changes in phenotype or gene expression that are caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence (eg, by methylation). Zheng J, Xiao X, Zhang Q, Wang T, Yu M, Xu J. Maternal low-protein diet modulates glucose metabolism and hepatic microRNAs expression in the early life of offspring . Epigenetics is the branch of genetics that studies the different mechanisms that influence gene expression without direct modification of the DNA sequence. Bookshelf ncRNAs were originally thought to be only involved in gene expression at the post-transcriptional level, while nowadays ithas been largely established that non-coding RNAs function as the most common regulatory RNAs, both at pre and post transcriptional level (e.g., by promoter silencing or RNA interference mechanisms), and are also involved in epigenetic control. Many researches have also found that alcohol interferes with gene expression levels and epigenetic processes by altering DNA methylation (particularly the expression of two methyltransferase enzymes, DNMT1 and DNMT3A), histone regulation, and non-coding RNAs [162]. Int J Mol Sci. Determining the precise mechanisms underlying such phenomena could prove extremely valuable towards a better management of both physiological pregnancies and assisted reproduction treatments. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. 2022 Sep 15;14(18):3799. doi: 10.3390/nu14183799. Tung EWY, Winn LM. miR-30b and miR-30d were also consistently found to be elevated in the mid-secretory as compared with the proliferative phase. Faa G, Manchia M, Pintus R, Gerosa C, Marcialis MA, Fanos V. Fetal programming of neuropsychiatric disorders. 2010. Distinct communication patterns of trophoblastic miRNA among the maternal-placental-fetal compartments. Bonnin A, Goeden N, Chen K, Wilson ML, King J, Shih JC, Blakely RD, Deneris ES, Levitt P. A transient placental source of serotonin for the fetal forebrain. Elbracht M, Mackay D, Begemann M, Kagan KO, Eggermann T. Disturbed genomic imprinting and its relevance for human reproduction: causes and clinical consequences. Monk D, Mackay DJG, Eggermann T, Maher ER, Riccio A. Genomic imprinting disorders: lessons on how genome, epigenome and environment interact. the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. Extensive epidemiological studies have Li T, Greenblatt EM, Shin ME, Brown TJ, Chan C. Cargo small non-coding RNAs of extracellular vesicles isolated from uterine fluid associate with endometrial receptivity and implantation success. The .gov means its official. Several studies and evidences report that precise chromatin modification patterns occur in the fetal membrane and decidua cells, changing dynamically during normal and pathological pregnancies [31]. Regulation of the clustered genes is coordinated through short DNA sequences called imprinting control regions (ICRs). 1 Epigenetics Memory, Learning and BDNF gene expression 2 Epigenetics Overview I. Associations of existing diabetes, gestational diabetes, and glycosuria with offspring IQ and educational attainment: the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Epub 2015 Sep 12. Stewart KR, Veselovska L, Kelsey G. Establishment and functions of DNA methylation in the germline. Chang G, Mouillet J, Mishima T, Chu T, Sadovsky E, Coyne CB, Parks WT, Surti U, Sadovsky Y. Roseboom TJ, van der Meulen JH, Osmond C, Barker DJ, Ravelli AC, Schroeder-Tanka JM, van Montfrans GA, Michels RP, Bleker OP. A better understanding of the role of epigenetic agents in embryonic development may ultimately improve counselling in infertile couples, provide new pharmacological treatments to favor the early phases of the pregnancy, and allow a better recognition and management of potentially harmful or even beneficial environmental factors with regards to fetal development. 2020;9:E1121. Barker DJ, Bull AR, Osmond C, Simmonds SJ. Kim S-M, Kim J-S. A review of mechanisms of implantation. Goyal D, Limesand SW, Goyal R. Epigenetic responses and the developmental origins of health and disease. RNA Sequencing reveals the alteration of the expression of novel genes in ethanol-treated embryoid bodies. Knowledge of the phenomena related to such regulatory mechanisms carries a huge relevance in both physiology and pathophysiology. Several experiments showed that exosomes loaded with miR-30d were secreted from hEECs and could be internalized by trophoblastic cells of murine embryos adhered to hEECs [96]. 2020; other pictures obtained by Vecteezy.com. Lussier AA, Bodnar TS, Mingay M, Morin AM, Hirst M, Kobor MS, Weinberg J. Prenatal alcohol exposure: profiling developmental DNA methylation patterns in central and peripheral tissues. Epigenetics Paul Magbanua 54.2K views63 slides. The initial steps of nervous system development start as early as 23weeks post fertilization in humans; however, neuronal proliferation begins later in the first trimester and synaptogenesis and neural migration mainly occur in the later stages of pregnancy, during the second and third trimesters. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Hot spots of epigenetic action. Biological embedding of experience: a primer on epigenetics. The miR-30 family members (primarily miR-30b and miR-30d) were demonstrated to be significantly upregulated [84], while miR-494 and miR-923 were downregulated during the receptive phase. Careers. Because folate deficiency in early pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of Finally, regarding another known teratogen inducing limb reduction anomalies (5-aza-2-deoxycytidin or 5-aza), recent animal study focused the attention on miR-34 family, concluding that 5-aza and cyclophosphamide are able to activate miR-34 family in p53-independent fashion. Epigenetics 12 dibya nath 405 views23 slides. Barker DJ. Loss of miR-542-3p enhances IGFBP-1 expression in decidualizing human endometrial stromal cells. Coronary heart disease after prenatal exposure to the Dutch famine, 194445. In particular, the study of miRNAs expression and transport appears to be the next frontier in terms of improving the understanding of epigenetic mechanisms in fetal development and fetal-maternal crosstalk. The placenta is known to be involved in the transfer of nutrients, hormones, and metabolites, but it is important to remember that it also produces neurotransmitters, including serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA), norepinephrine/epinephrine, which enter the maternalfetal circulation and interact with the development of the fetal brain. Gansen A, Tth K, Schwarz N, Langowski J. Besides placental 5-HT affecting neurobehavioral development, methylation of placental HTR2A (the receptor which mediates the effects of 5-HT) may also be implicated. Placental miRNome studies have also demonstrated its importance towards the coordination and modulation of the placental transcriptome [110, 111]. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol a040188. The role of decidual immune cells on human pregnancy. Konwar C, Price EM, Wang LQ, Wilson SL, Terry J, Robinson WP. Maternal GDM can create different effects like global DNA hypermethylation or alteration of miRNA expressions. Quelhas D, Kompala C, Wittenbrink B, Han Z, Parker M, Shapiro M, Downs S, Kraemer K, Fanzo J, Morris S, Kreis K. The association between active tobacco use during pregnancy and growth outcomes of children under five years of age: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rivera RM, Ross JW. The secretion of exosomes from the apical surface of endometrial glands, which was confirmed by electron microscopy, is consistent with the existence of endosomes in epithelial cells and of embryo-derived extracellular vesicles [100]. WebIndeed, there's speculation that epigenetics may eventually help explain connections between maternal diet and offspring risk of allergies, ADHD, autism, and more.19-21. Even if there is no specific time point during gestation when alcohol exposure is not accompanied by harmful consequences, the exposure during early embryonic stage is correlated with most severe birth defects [161]. Weake VM, Workman JL. DNA methylation dynamics in the female germline and maternal-effect mutations that disrupt genomic imprinting. Single-cell analysis of transcriptome and DNA methylome in human oocyte maturation. Tau GZ, Peterson BS. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00310.2010. 8600 Rockville Pike Bale TL. Eating disorders during gestation: implications for mothers health, fetal outcomes, and epigenetic changes. Epigenetics is concerned with this regulation. doi: 10.3390/cells9051121. Epigenetic mechanisms in pregnancy are a dynamic phenomenon that responds both to maternalfetal and environmental factors, which can influence and modify the embryo-fetal development during the various gestational phases. Walln E, Auvinen P, Kaminen-Ahola N. The effects of early prenatal alcohol exposure on epigenome and embryonic development. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. FOIA [Epigenetics' implication in autism spectrum disorders: A review]. Gueta K, Molotski N, Gerchikov N, Mor E, Savion S, Fein A, Toder V, Shomron N, Torchinsky A. Teratogen-induced alterations in microRNA-34, microRNA-125b and microRNA-155 expression: correlation with embryonic p53 genotype and limb phenotype. Paquette AG, Lesseur C, Armstrong DA, Koestler DC, Appleton AA, Lester BM, Marsit CJ. Not just heads and tails: the complexity of the sperm epigenome. The societal burden of non-communicable disease is closely linked with environmental exposures and lifestyle behaviours, including the adherence to a poor maternal diet from the earliest preimplantation period of the life course onwards. Jaenisch R, Bird A. Epigenetic regulation of gene expression: how the genome integrates intrinsic and environmental signals. Agricola E, Verdone L, Di Mauro E, Caserta M. H4 acetylation does not replace H3 acetylation in chromatin remodelling and transcription activation of Adr1-dependent genes. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Gestational alcohol exposure altered DNA methylation status in the developing fetus. In contrast, miR-146a and miR-182 are positively related to quality of movement score [118]. McKay JA, Groom A, Potter C, Coneyworth LJ, Ford D, Mathers JC, Relton CL. Meng H, Cao Y, Qin J, Song X, Zhang Q, Shi Y, Cao L. DNA methylation, its mediators and genome integrity. Lozano-Urea A, Montalbn-Loro R, Ferguson-Smith AC, Ferrn SR. Genomic imprinting and the regulation of postnatal neurogenesis. Alcohol-related neonatal abnormalities are commonly referred to as fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) [160]. The EDs most commonly associated with reproductive abnormalities are the xenoestrogens such as Bisphenol-A (BPA), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and antiandrogens such as phthalates. Introduction to Epigenetics Garry D. Lasaga 7.5K views24 slides. Acetylating, methylating, phosphorylating, and ubiquitinating enzymes act alone or in combination to control chromatin compaction [1922]. ONeil EV, Burns GW, Spencer TE. Also, recent evidence is starting to highlight the contribution of post-translational histone modifications to the regulation of imprinting [42, 43]. Gannon JR, Emery BR, Jenkins TG, Carrell DT. Antonio Capalbo is full-time employee at Igenomix Italy. Biomedical research is currently focused on identifying placental biomarkers useful for identifying fetuses at risk of developing neurodevelopmental disorders, for starting an early clinical management [118, 125129]. Gestational diabetes and maternal obesity are associated with epigenome-wide methylation changes in children. Epub 2016 Sep 28. The term epigenetics refers to heritable changes in gene expression (active versus inactive genes) that does not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence; a change in phenotype without a change in genotype. Moreover, some nutrients, such as vitamin B and polyphenols, can modulate the function of the methylation enzymes [140]. Mitchell LE. Unfortunately, smoking during pregnancy is still very widespread, especially in some populations where the level of attention to this teratogen is not so high. Cardino VN, Goeden T, Yakah W, Ezeamama AE, Fenton JI. Bassols J, Serino M, Carreras-Badosa G, Burcelin R, Blasco-Baque V, Lopez-Bermejo A, Fernandez-Real J-M. Gestational diabetes is associated with changes in placental microbiota and microbiome. A. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that some neurobehavioral disorders (such as autism spectrum disorders, ASD) may originate from placental changes in the production of these metabolites. Pathare ADS, Hinduja I. Aberrant DNA methylation profiling affecting the endometrial receptivity in recurrent implantation failure patients undergoing in vitro fertilization. Pulmonary effects of maternal smoking on the fetus and child: effects on lung development, respiratory morbidities, and life long lung health. Mor E, He L, Torchinsky A, Shomron N. MicroRNA-34a is dispensable for p53 function as teratogenesis inducer. Targeted placental deletion of OGT recapitulates the prenatal stress phenotype including hypothalamic mitochondrial dysfunction. Researchers have found that epigenetic marks on human placentas change from the first trimester of pregnancy to the third, a discovery that may allow clinicians to prevent complications in pregnancy. In vitro studies showed that stress hormones can increase excitability hippocampal cells [131]. GDM changes also placental microbiota: for example, in women with GDM, there are less bacteria belonging to the Pseudomonadales order and Acinetobacter genus associated with a more adverse metabolic and inflammatory phenotype. Cells. 2015 Oct;39:28-37. doi: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2015.09.001. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. DNA methylation establishment in the oocyte is dynamically controlled during oocyte growth andit is proximally regulated by transcription events. Hjort L, Martino D, Grunnet LG, Naeem H, Maksimovic J, Olsson AH, Zhang C, Ling C, Olsen SF, Saffery R, Vaag AA. He Y, Chen J, Zhu L-H, Hua L-L, Ke F-F. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and ADHD: results from a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Epigenetic regulation of endometrium during the menstrual cycle. Accessibility Cratty MS, Ward HE, Johnson EA, Azzaro AJ, Birkle DL. While many of the epigenetic mechanisms affecting early and late embryo development have long been known and studied, a promising new frontier comprising ncRNAs and neurodevelopmental factors has yet to be fully explored and understood, especially regarding the human species. Human endometrial DNA methylome is cycle-dependent and is associated with gene expression regulation. Zhu Y, Mordaunt CE, Yasui DH, Marathe R, Coulson RL, Dunaway KW, Jianu JM, Walker CK, Ozonoff S, Hertz-Picciotto I, Schmidt RJ, LaSalle JM. Histone ubiquitination: triggering gene activity. Vitamin B12: one carbon metabolism, fetal growth and programming for chronic disease. Stage 1: from gametes to embryo-endometrium cross-talk; Stage 2: from placenta-fetus cross-talk to brain development, with an overview on environmental factors as well (nutrition and teratogens). In the host, the epigenetic machinery can regulate gene expression through a series of reversible epigenetic modifications, such as histone In the oocytes, de novo DNA methylation does not start as immediately as in their male counterparts and appears to be largely dispensable for the early oocyte development [56]. Tochigi H, Kajihara T, Mizuno Y, Mizuno Y, Tamaru S, Kamei Y, Okazaki Y, Brosens JJ, Ishihara O. Epigenetics, miRNA, Pregnancy, Review, Embryo and fetus development, Brain development. Epigenetic and transgenerational reprogramming of brain development. Some authors have reported that increased methylation of the leptin receptor gene in the human placenta is associated with increased lethargy and hypotonicity in male but not in female newborns [120]. The disruption of genomic imprinting leads to largely established human diseases with recognizable clinical features such as Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (MIM 130,650), Silver-Russell syndrome (MIM 180,860), Prader-Willi syndrome (MIM 176,270), and Angelman syndrome (MIM 105,830), but less dramatic and more subtle changes in the imprinted patterns, especially concerning multi-locus imprinting disturbances (MLID), can instead modulate fetal growth, resource acquisition, and organogenesis [4446]. Epigenetics and Pregnancy: Conditional Snapshot or Rolling Event. Many signals regulate chromatin activation or repression; among these, those related to nutrient availability are relevant for epigenetic programming in the placenta. In fact, neurobehavioral alterations have been related to pre-gestational stress. Nutritional epigenetics is a rapidly expanding field of research, to L-glutamate being the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. A better understanding of epigenetic regulation in pregnancy could in fact prove valuable towards a better management of both physiological pregnancies and assisted reproduction treatments, other than allowing to better comprehend the origin of multifactorial pathological conditions such as neurodevelopmental disorders. For such reasons, it has been proposed that a contemporary definition of epigenetics should also include the gene silencing or upregulation mediated by ncRNAs [3436]. In utero tobacco exposure, even in the absence of fetal growth restriction, may alter the epigenome, contributing to global DNA hypomethylation. Mijatovic-Vukas J, Capling L, Cheng S, Stamatakis E, Louie J, Cheung NW, Markovic T, Ross G, Senior A, Brand-Miller JC, Flood VM. Zhang L, Lu Q, Chang C. Epigenetics in health and disease. Despite the promising advancements in the knowledge of epigenetics in pregnancy, more experience and data on this topic are still needed. Froggatt S, Covey J, Reissland N. Infant neurobehavioural consequences of prenatal cigarette exposure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cha J, Sun X, Dey SK. Main epigenetic processes involved in the regulation of pregnancy, -Transcription silencing (sporadically transcription permissive), -Protein recruitment (scaffolding &/or sponging), DNMT, DNA methyltransferase; TET, ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenases; MBD4, methyl-CpG binding protein 4; TDG, thymine DNAglycosylase; (A), acetylation; (M), methylation; (P), phosphorylation; (U), ubiquitination; HATs, histone acetyltransferases; HDACs, histone deacetylases; HMTs, histone methyltransferases; HDMs, histone demethylases; DUBs, deubiquitinating enzymes; ncRNAs, non-coding RNAs; sncRNAs, short ncRNAs; siRNAs, short interfering RNAs; miRNAs, microRNAs; piRNAs, piwi interacting RNAs; lncRNAs, long ncRNAs; lincRNAs, long intergenic ncRNAs; ilncRNAs, intronic long ncRNAs; eRNAs, enhancer long ncRNAs; DMRs, differentially methylated regions; ICRs, imprinting control regions. Pathological epigenetic alterations are particularly important in feto-materal medicine. Liu H-Y, Liu S-M, Zhang Y-Z. Epigenetic events are uniquely susceptible to endogenous and exogenous factors and most commonly take place during the prenatal period as the epigenome plays a vital role in embryonic development and tissue differentiation [ 6, 7 ]. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. The role of microRNAs in human embryo implantation: a review. GDM increases the incidence of short-term (i.e., large for gestational age, shoulder dystocia, higher body fat) and long-term complications (i.e., obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus type 2, attention problems, and depression) observed in the offspring [150, 151]. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Zhang S, Lin H, Kong S, Wang S, Wang H, Wang H, Armant DR. Physiological and molecular determinants of embryo implantation. In addition to stress, nutrients, and endocrine disruptors, other environmental factors, such as medications, alcohol or substances of abuse, produce changes in the global pattern of gene expression as well as hormonal imbalance, and ultimately adverse effects on embryonic development. It is DNA methylation differences after exposure to prenatal famine are common and timing- and sex-specific. Intergenerational influences on child development: an epigenetic perspective. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Histone modifications and their role in epigenetics of atopy and allergic diseases. Other authors declare no conflicts of interest. In particular, Vitamin B12 is associated with one carbon metabolic pathway and to substrate metabolism, as well as to the synthesis and stability of nucleic acids and methylation of DNA [137, 141].

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