what is hydrochloric acid used for in the stomach
All rights reserved. The enzyme carbonic anhydrase catalyses the reaction between carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid. Learn more about, Omeprazole is a common drug that some people take to treat heartburn, or acid reflux. Often, these conditions lead to an overproduction of the hormone gastrin. There are several conditions that can lead to high stomach acid. The reaction, represented by the equation H2 + Cl2 2HCl, is accompanied by evolution of heat and appears to be accelerated by moisture. If your high stomach acid is caused by an H. pylori infection, youll be prescribed antibiotics along with a PPI. The food you chew and swallow is called a bolus. Find out all you need to know about digestion. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is commonly used for the neutralization of alkaline agents, as a bleaching agent, in food, textile, metal, and rubber industries. Below, we describe the generic and branded forms: Cimetidine (Tagamet, Leader Heartburn Relief) comes in prescription, OTC, injectable, and IV forms. But theres no way to know for sure without taking a stomach acid test. How long does it take to digest food? A solution of the gas in water is called hydrochloric acid. In diseases featuring excess vomiting, patients develop hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis (decreased blood acidity by H+ and chlorine depletion). They can relieve mild symptoms of an overproduction of stomach acid, but a person should receive professional guidance and treatment for more severe symptoms. The right dosage depends on a persons age, whether they are taking any other medications, and the form of the drug. (2015). Your doctor will check the level of acid in your stomach using a pH test if they suspect hypochlorhydria. Stomach organ and cell lineage differentiation: from embryogenesis to adult homeostasis. This article will outline the production of gastric acid, the regulation of this and some clinical conditions that result from this process going wrong. HCL is a natural component of our gastric juices/gastric acid. H + and bicarbonate are produced from water and carbon dioxide by the action of carbonic anhydrase within the parietal cell. Salicylate sensitivity is associated with a variety of symptoms and is therefore hard to identify. Hsu M, et al. It is a colourless gas which has a pungent smell. The role of HCL in gastric function and health. Gastric fluids help us break down the foods we eat so we can absorb their nutrients and get rid of waste. Though conventional treatments for H. pylori bacteria are your best bet for a speedy recovery, natural remedies may enhance first-line care. Willet SG, Mills JC. Each organ has a separate job and relies on a series of processes to complete its job. In high concentrations in air hydrogen chloride can make it difficult to breathe, and at very high concentrations continuing to breathe it can be fatal. Osefo N, et al. The production of gastric acid in the stomach is tightly regulated by positive regulators and negative feedback mechanisms. Robert Burakoff, MD, MPH, is board-certified in gastroentrology. This creates a negative potential of between 40and70mV across the parietal cell membrane that causes potassium ions and a small number of sodium ions to diffuse from the cytoplasm into the parietal cell canaliculi. The mucus is secreted by the neck cells and helps coat and protect your stomach lining from the acid environment. Concentrated hydrochloric acid causes burns and inflammation of the skin. Can diet help improve depression symptoms? In the 1980s, H2 blockers were the treatment of choice for many acid-related stomach conditions. See additional information. Excessive burping can occur as a result of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), consuming certain foods, or aerophagia or supragastric belching. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. It may also help with some bowel problems. There are also some DIY tests you can try at home. Chronic exposure to hydrochloric acid can be dangerous. To fully grasp how hydrochloric acid works, it's helpful to understand how digestion works, too. The first type I am going to talk about are called parietal cells, parietal cells. Even trace amounts of acid in your esophagus can feel like too much. For example, undigested food left to ferment in your GI tract can lead to gut bacteria overgrowth in your small intestine (SIBO). We avoid using tertiary references. Like other H2 blockers, this medication may not be suitable for people with disorders of the kidneys or liver. A poor diet can result in low stomach acid, as can a loss of nutrients due to health problems, stress, smoking, or alcohol. Get useful, helpful and relevant health + wellness information. In addition, people who take H2 blockers and magnesium supplements should do so at different times of day to reduce the risk of interactions. Systemic review: Symptoms of rebound acid hypersecretion following proton pump inhibitor treatment. The stomach produces hydrochloric acid. Hydrochloric acid is used to adjust the pH of swimming pool water. Chemical Compound Formulas Hydrochloric Acid Hydrochloric acid - HCl What is Hydrochloric acid? It is also used in leather processing, building and construction, oil well acidizing and producing gelatin products. Hydrochloric acid is a primary component of your stomach acid, accounting for 0.5 percent of its total volume; however, that's not the only important substance. Hydrochloric acid poisoning. (2020). Chloride and hydrogen ions are secreted separately from the cytoplasm of parietal cells and mixed in the canaliculi. Because of the corrosive nature of the acid, ceramic, glass, or sometimes tantalum apparatus is commonly used. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7238915/). The right dosage depends on a persons age, their symptoms, and the form of the drug. Stomach secretions are made up of hydrochloric acid, several enzymes, and a mucus coating that protects. He was the founding editor and co-editor in chief of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. DOI: Prosapio JG, et al. Pepsinogen is secreted by chief cells, and when it's in the presence of hydrochloric acid, it's converted to pepsin. If the pH is higher than 5, you may have achlorhydria. Your GI tract consists of your mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver and pancreas. This is essential for healthy nervous system function and blood cell production. Mechanism of Acid Secretion The hydrogen ion concentration in parietal cell secretions is roughly 3 million fold higher than in blood, and chloride is secreted against both a concentration and electric gradient. Ranitidine hydrochloride drug summary. DOI: Malik TF, et al. (1994). A chemical called histamine stimulates cells in the stomach lining to make hydrochloric acid. There are several causes of high stomach acid. Hypochlorhydria is a deficiency of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Hydrochloric acid is the main ingredient in gastric acid, which is found in the human stomach. When the cause of a condition cannot be determined, its referred to as idiopathic. 2023 Healthline Media LLC. This article discusses poisoning from swallowing or breathing in hydrochloric acid. The hydrogen ions leave the cell through H+/K+ ATPase antiporter pumps. Your doctor can help you determine if you have hypochlorhydria, and treat or help you manage the underlying cause. Other applications of hydrochloric acid include: Aluminum etching. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. Hydrochloric acid is used as a swimming pool treatment chemical, to help maintain an optimal pH in the water. hydrogen chloride (HCl), a compound of the elements hydrogen and chlorine, a gas at room temperature and pressure. How much vitamin B12 do I need? Having high levels of stomach acid can increase your risk of developing other stomach-related health conditions. Amylase breaks down carbohydrates, but it doesn't have much time to work on the stomach because the acidity stops it. Saltzman J, et al. Dive into helpful resources on chemistry fundamentals and see how to spot bad science. If they suspect hypochlorhydria, they will suggest one of several stomach acid tests. Learn about six of the most common types of probiotics and why theyre called good bacteria. Protein and vitamin B12 deficiencies lead to iron deficiency anemia as well as vitamin deficiency anemia, which affects your nervous system. People who have acid reflux or GERD often report frequent burping. Ad With the right information, your healthcare provider can help you make a plan to treat the causes and effects of hypochlorhydria. Hydrogen chloride is a colourless gas of strong odour. Make sure to get a thorough medical screening before treating with HCI supplements. Is the hydrochloric acid used to manufacture food and beverages harmful? This is about 3 million times that of arterial blood, but almost exactly isotonic with other bodily fluids. They are usually minor irritations but may be more serious. Ways to increase stomach acid include taking hydrochloric acid supplements, eating more zinc-rich foods, and consuming ginger. Hypochlorhydria treatment usually involves fixing the cause of the symptoms. If the pH is 3 to 5, you have hypochlorhydria. See your doctor if you develop any digestive symptoms that are persistent, recurring, or concerning. Learn about PPIs for treatment for GERD, including how they work and associated risks. Hydrochloric acid is also found naturally in gastric acid with a rough pH of 2. PPIs have a higher efficacy than H2 blockers. DOI: English J. The lining of your stomach naturally secretes stomach acid. More information about maintenance for a healthy and safe swimming pool experience can be found on the CDCs website. The resulting mixture of free amino acids and small peptides is absorbed nearly completely from the duodenum and jejunum ( Figure 8.65 ). Your doctor may decide to change your medications.. An improvement in symptoms while on this supplement may help your doctor diagnose this condition. Central nervous system side effects include delirium, confusion, hallucinations, and slurred speech. Tagamet may also reduce the effect of the blood thinner warfarin. In addition, many microorganisms are inhibited or destroyed in an acidic environment, preventing infection or sickness. For example, antibiotics are more effective at treating ulcers that result from infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria. Zollinger Ellison syndrome. Peptide bonds, which comprise proteins, are labilized. They may include:. Hydrochloric acid converts pepsinogen into pepsin and breaks various nutrients apart from the food you eat. It covers H2 blockers, antacids, and more. (2020). This acid immediately dissociates into hydrogen and bicarbonate ions. If you have digestive changes or symptoms that concern you, its important to see your doctor promptly. It is important to follow directions for use carefully. Sodium Carbonate & HCL Reaction Hydrochloric Acid in the Stomach Hydrochloric acid is a primary component of your stomach acid, accounting for 0.5 percent of its total volume; however, that's not the only important substance. Exposure to 0.1 percent by volume hydrogen chloride gas in the atmosphere may cause death in a few minutes. The proton pump enzyme is the target of proton pump inhibitors, used to increase gastric pH (and hence decrease stomach acidity) in diseases that feature excess acid. To determine whether you have hypochlorhydria, your doctor will complete a physical exam and take a history of your health and symptoms. A natural colon cleanse may be helpful for your digestive health. There is also a prescription drug, Betaine. It can also damage your gut and lead to digestive health issues and infections. Hydrochloric acid is beneficial in removing rust and other impurities from: Carbon. Without HCl, pepsinogen would never turn into pepsin, and your body wouldn't be able to effectively digest the proteins from the food you eat. The hydrochloric acid helps to break down and digest food as well as eliminate bacteria and viruses . Blood tests can help determine the cause of severe abdominal pain. In the duodenum, gastric acid is neutralized by bicarbonate. Calcium and magnesium deficiencies lead to osteoporosis. . Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. But in fact, symptoms of chronic acid reflux, laryngopharyngeal reflux or heartburn can also be caused by hypochlorhydria. Although every single part of this process is important, the hydrochloric acid in the stomach is a vital component. Betaine hydrochloride is an acidic form of betaine, a vitamin-like substance found in grains and other foods. On the other hand, without pepsin, HCl also wouldn't be able to break down protein on its own, explains the ChemMatters article. Changes in diet. Stainless steel. Hormones or compounds produced by the stomach and their respective function: Hydrochloric acid (HCl): This is in essence positively charged hydrogen atoms (H+), or in lay-terms stomach acid, and is produced by the cells of the stomach called parietal cells. It helps break down protein and absorb essential nutrients, and it helps control viruses and bacteria that might otherwise infect your stomach. A typical adult human stomach will secrete about 1.5 liters of gastric acid daily. It may also reduce the bodys metabolism of warfarin, a blood thinner. In addition to warding off foodborne illnesses, Current Opinion in Gastroenterology reports that this may also help prevent: So, not only does hydrochloric acid help keep you healthy by allowing you to digest and absorb proteins and other nutrients that your body needs, it also acts as an important defense mechanism. HCl mainly functions to denature the proteins ingested, to destroy any bacteria or virus . Healthcare providers use a variety of tests to diagnose hypochlorhydria. Some people who take H2 blockers have a higher risk of some central nervous system side effects. Fortunately, hypochlorhydria is relatively simple to test and treat. Control of gastric acid secretion in health and disease. Learn about causes and. Symptoms commonly associated with hyperchlorhydria, or high stomach acid, including heartburn and reflux, may actually stem from hypochlorhydria. Your doctor may also perform blood tests to look for iron deficiency anemia or other nutrient deficiencies. Learn about PPIs for treatment for GERD, including how they work and associated risks. Hydrochloric acid, also known as muriatic acid or spirits of salt, is an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride with the chemical formula HCl(aq). Iron and calcium both rely on the acidity of hydrochloric acid itself for proper digestion and absorption. Achlorhydria is a medical condition that occurs when the stomach is unable to produce sufficient hydrochloric acid. Instead of taking unused ranitidine products to a drug take-back site, a person should dispose of them according to the products instructions or by following the FDAs guidance. Too much of this acid can cause GERD and other painful conditions. Caffeine alone can cause cortisol levels to spike if food isn't consumed beforehand. (n.d.). The best time to take a daily dose of H2 blockers is before bed. Learn which foods you should avoid to prevent reflux. Learn how to prevent and treat it with lifestyle changes, medications, or surgery. Overall, anyone considering taking an H2 blocker should consult a healthcare professional first. Causes and Risk Factors of Hypochlorhydria, Digestive Disorders Health Center Reference, Digestive Disorders Health Center Slideshows, Digestive Disorders Health Center Quizzes, Feeling like you want to eat even when youre not hungry. Most people probably wouldnt want to go swimming in a giant, germ-filled petri dish. Your stomach secretes lower amounts of hydrochloric acid as you age. Cambridge University Press: Ageing and the gut., Clinical Education: The Role of HCL In Gastric Function And Health., IMCJ: Nutritional Interventions for Gastroesophageal Reflux, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, and Hypochlorhydria: A Case Report., Rama University Journal of Medical Sciences: Implications of Low Stomach Acid: An Update., World Journal of Gastroenterology: Role of Helicobacter pylori infection on nutrition and metabolism.. What Are Star Ratings? The meaning of HYDROCHLORIC ACID is an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride HCl that is a strong corrosive irritating acid, is normally present in dilute form in gastric juice, and is widely used in industry and in the laboratory. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Some physicians recommend an approach that is mostly based on dietary modifications and supplements. Sometimes surgery may be recommended, such as removal of gastrinomas in people with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Over time you can develop serious nutritional deficiencies. If you have several of the risk factors associated with low stomach acid, you might suspect that is your problem. In terms of medication, some alternatives to H2 blockers are antacids and proton pump inhibitors. If an H. pylori infection is the cause of your symptoms, a course of antibiotics can be prescribed by your physician. By Shereen Lehman, MS The reactions of hydrochloric acid are those of typical strong acids, such as: reactions with metals in which hydrogen gas is displaced, reactions with basic (metal) oxides and hydroxides that are neutralized with the formation of a metal chloride and water, and reactions with salts of weak acids in which the weak acid is displaced. Long-term exposure has been reported to cause chronic bronchitis, dermatitis and photosensitization in humans. Amylase is also found in gastric juices, but it isn't made by the stomach. It also eliminates bacteria and viruses in the stomach, protecting your body from infection. niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/acid-reflux-ger-gerd-adults/all-content, niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/gastrointestinal-bleeding/all-content, niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/zollinger-ellison-syndrome. Depending upon their evaluation and the severity of your symptoms, your physician may choose to refer you to a GI specialist. The signs that you dont have enough stomach acid usually show up a few hours after youve eaten. Mouth sores are lesions on any of the soft tissues of the mouth. What to Know About Acid Reflux and Burping. However, not all stomach glands contain every type of cell.. If your stomach pH is less than 3, you have normal acid levels. Can diet and exercise reverse prediabetes? This helps relieve symptoms of an overproduction of stomach acid. Digestion is a complicated process that relies on HCl or hydrochloric acid in the stomach, as well as several other organs and digestive juices. All rights reserved. Metal cleaning applications. Nutrition: Science and Applications. A June 2013 report in Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety notes that iron and calcium both need an acidic environment to dissociate from the foods in which they occur, so that your body can effectively absorb them. Rarely, people experience more severe side effects, including: For the best results, a person should take H2 blockers orally once a day. This polypeptide hormone gets activated and secreted from so-called S cells in the mucosa of the duodenum and jejunum when the pH in the duodenum falls below 4.5 to 5.0. There isn't just one function of HCl in the stomach though, but rather several ways that the acid contributes to digestion and keeps you healthy. H2 blockers are sometimes called H2 receptor antagonists, or H2RAs. Mouth sores are lesions on any of the soft tissues of the mouth. Alloy. Vitamin B12 is a nutrient that helps keep your body's blood and nerve cells healthy and helps make DNA, the genetic material in all of your cells. If used in the workplace, it is recommended that an eye flush station be available in case of accidental exposure. When it's ready, your stomach squirts the chyme into the small intestine where digestion continues and absorption of those all-important nutrients occurs. Side effects can include diarrhea and constipation. If a person is taking medication for severe pain, then they may wish to discuss this with a doctor before taking Tagamet. DOI: Phan J, et al. Caring for your digestive system isnt just important, its essential. Shereen Lehman, MS, is a healthcare journalist and fact checker. Coming to a Cleveland Clinic location?Hillcrest Cancer Center check-in changesCole Eye entrance closingVisitation and COVID-19 information. We recommend that if you do get a positive result from an at-home test, you follow up with a trained healthcare provider. Nutrients such as iron, zinc, and B vitamins are essential for maintaining stomach acid levels. Other cells in the lining of your stomach, called chief cells, secrete other important substances, one of which is called pepsinogen. Diet alone wont restore your stomach acid, but these guidelines may help improve your digestion while living with hypochlorhydria: Hypochlorhydria, or low stomach acid, is a relatively underdiagnosed condition that may be more common than we know. Hydrochloric acid in contact with skin or other tissues can cause chemical burns that can be severe. Various H2 blockers are available, but they can cause unwanted side effects. Hypochlorhydria is more common in people over 65. Sometimes your stomach can produce too much stomach acid, which can lead to several unpleasant symptoms. Betaine hydrochloride (HCl) may help to raise the level of acid in the stomach. The pH of gastric acid in humans is 1.5-2.0. Hypochlorhydria is a condition marked by low levels of stomach acid. Checking amylase and lipase levels can help determine if you have pancreatitis. Plastic containers, such as those made of PVC, can typically be used to store hydrochloric acid. They bind to histamine receptors in the stomach, reducing the amount of acid that the stomach lining secretes. Vinegar contains acetic acid. Stomach acid also contains large amounts of potassium chloride and sodium chloride. 6th ed. Based on this information, they may test the pH (or acidity) of your stomach. Certain infections and health conditions can cause your body to produce excess stomach acid. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Publishing Company; 2016. Low stomach acid can lead to gas, infections, and other problems. The secretion of bicarbonate from the pancreas is stimulated by secretin. (2019). Low stomach acid also leaves you vulnerable to overgrowth of other common bacteria, including H. pylori, which is associated with chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. This article discusses over-the-counter treatments for GERD, how they work, and their side effects. This condition can often be reversed, or at least successfully treated, with HCI supplements. Hydrogen chloride is sometimes referred to as muriatic acid, hydronium chloride, chlorane, spirits of salt or acidum salis. Lodrup AB, et al. Pepsin breaks apart tertiary and secondary protein structures to make it easier for the digestive enzymes in the small intestines to work later. Citrus fruits such as oranges and lemons contain citric acid and ascorbic acid, which is better known as vitamin C. Carbonated sodas contain phosphoric acid. The stomach enzyme pepsin is another common treatment. The pancreas further produces large amounts of bicarbonate and secretes bicarbonate through the pancreatic duct to the duodenum to neutralize gastric acid passing into the digestive tract. Hyperchlorhydria means it produces too much. All four approved H2 blockers pass into breast milk, and researchers have yet to determine whether they are safe for pregnant or nursing people to take. Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. 2023 Healthline Media LLC. The Current Opinion in Gastroenterology report also notes that another function of HCl in the stomach is its ability to kill off microorganisms that may otherwise cause infection and disease. But protein isn't the only nutrient that relies on the presence of stomach acid HCl also helps you absorb some vitamins and minerals, too. For the test, youll drink half a glass (4 ounces) of cold water combined with a quarter teaspoon of baking soda, on an empty stomach. Depending on the health condition, a doctor may recommend a more effective treatment. The neutralization is described by the equation: The carbonic acid rapidly equilibrates with carbon dioxide and water through catalysis by carbonic anhydrase enzymes bound to the gut epithelial lining,[8] leading to a net release of carbon dioxide gas within the lumen associated with neutralisation. Your stomach has hydrochloric acid in it to help you digest your food. Gastric acid production is regulated by both the autonomic nervous system and several hormones. Achlorhydria is an absence of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juices produced in the stomach. This enzyme comes from saliva and travels along with the bolus into the stomach. Hydrochloric acid is a vital component of the digestive process, as it helps to break down food and facilitate the absorption of nutrients. They reduce the amount of acid the stomach produces by lowering histamine production. Another function of HCl in the stomach is to facilitate the absorption of vitamin B12, iron and calcium, according to a report published in November 2014 in Current Opinion in Gastroenterology. These reactions occur readily only in the presence of moisture. Hydrochloric acid is also used as an acidifier in sauces, vegetable juices and canned goods, to help enhance flavor and reduce spoilage. These may not be as accurate, but they offer a relatively simple and inexpensive way of exploring your theory. Anhydrous liquid hydrogen chloride is available, but because heavy and expensive containers are required to store it, the use of hydrogen chloride in this form is limited. Read more: 11 Nutrients Americans Aren't Getting Enough Of. Beside this, the endings of the vagus nerve (CN X) and the intramural nervous plexus in the digestive tract influence the secretion significantly. Other common end uses for hydrochloric acid include household cleaners, pool maintenance and food manufacturing. Symptoms may include: A number of chronic health conditions have been associated with low levels of stomach acid. The hydrochloric acid in your stomach has a very low pH balance of 1 to 2. It kills many harmful micro-organisms. The commercial product is used as a corrosive; the gas and the concentrated solution are strong irritants. Hypochlorhydria happens when your stomach does not release enough hydrochloric acid, which helps your stomach break down food. This type of drug usually offers relief within 60 minutes, and the effects can last 410 hours. Gaseous hydrogen chloride reacts with active metals and their oxides, hydroxides, and carbonates to produce chlorides. They are usually minor irritations but may be more serious. Ash M. (2011). Hydrochloric acid is an inorganic chemical. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. Side effects are not common, but they may include headaches, diarrhea, and an upset stomach. Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid secreted by the parietal cells, and it lowers your stomach's pH to around 2. These medications work to lower stomach acid production. It also kills bacteria that comes along with your food. There are many potential causes of achlorhydria . Your healthcare provider can help ensure youre treating the causes and effects of hypochlorhydria, including specific nutritional deficiencies. A doctor can advise about the most effective type for each person. A doctor or another healthcare professional can offer specific guidance. Theyre often given orally, but can be given by IV in more severe cases. It helps break down short and medium chain fats. Metal containers are not suitable storage containers for hydrochloric acid due to its corrosive nature. Stomach acid also contains large amounts of potassium chloride and sodium chloride. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. Anyone taking warfarin should discuss this risk with a doctor. The highly acidic environment in the stomach lumen degrades proteins (e.g., food). Effect of hypochlorhydria due to omeprazole treatment or atrophic gastritis on protein-bound vitamin B12 absorption. As soon as you put food into your mouth, your stomach begins releasing gastric juices. Hydrochloric acid helps break down proteins, allows you to absorb certain nutrients and kills off foreign invaders, like bacteria and viruses that can make you sick. Reducing the production of stomach acid can help treat many health conditions, including gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), gastric ulcers, and occasional heartburn. A doctor or another healthcare professional can recommend the right dosage, based on the persons symptoms, age, kidney function, and overall health. Talk with your doctor about changing medications if you notice symptoms of low stomach acid.. In order to absorb vitamin B12, it must be detached from the dietary protein with which it's coupled. Metal containers are generally not suitable for storing hydrochloric acid due to its corrosive nature. Overview What is hypochlorhydria? Hydrochloric acid is a strong, corrosive acid that can be used industrially to process steel used in the building and construction industry. Its important to address the underlying causes, however. Your doctor will check the level of acid in your stomach using a pH test if they suspect hypochlorhydria. Gastric balance: Heartburn not always caused by excess acid. Sometimes, a higher than normal amount of stomach acid can be produced.
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